Table 3.

Serum antioxidant concentrations, by dietary pattern, in Diet and Physical Activity Sub-Study participants ¹,²,³,⁴,⁵

Antioxidant Concentrations	Dietary Pattern
	Fast food	Southern	Prudent	Juice
Carotenoids (µg/dl)
Alpha carotene	3.3 ± 0.28 a, b	3.1 ± 0.32 a	4.3 ± 0.40 b	4.1 ± 0.41 b
Beta carotene	32.7 ± 2.81a	34.2 ± 3.47 a	39.6 ± 4.31 a	48.1 ± 4.47 a
Lutein plus Zeaxanthin	16.4 ± 0.61a	19.1 ± 0.75 a, b	19.7 ± 0.94 a, b	19.4 ± 0.97 b
Beta Cryptoxanthin	8.5 ± 0.59 a	9.8 ± 0.72 a, b	12.1 ± 0.90 b	12.1 ± 0.93 b
Lycopene	69.4 ± 3.04 a	64.4 ± 3.75 a	78.1 ± 4.67 a	76.6 ± 4.84 a
Tocopherols (µg/dl)
Alpha Tocopherol	1305 ± 45 a	1361 ± 56 a, b	1487 ± 70 a, b	1472 ± 72 b
Gamma Tocopherol	243 ± 14.1 a	243 ± 17 a	263 ± 21.4 a	214 ± 22 a
Delta Tocopherol	19.4 ± 3.66 a	21.4 ± 4.67 a	17.2 ± 6.31 a	28.1 ± 6.49 a

¹Clusters names were based on relative energy contributions of food groups.

²For Carotenoids: Values are Mean ± Standard Error, adjusted for age (per 10 y), sex, BMI, energy intake, current smoking (Y/N), serum cholesterol concentration and vitamin/mineral supplement use (Y/N). n=371

³For Tocopherols: Values are Means ± Standard Error, adjusted for age (per 10 y), sex, BMI, energy intake, current smoking (Y/N), serum cholesterol concentration, vitamin/mineral supplement use (Y/N) and Vitamin E supplement use of 400 International Units or higher (Y/N). For alpha tocopherol, n=372; for gamma tocopherol, n=365; for delta tocopherol, n=261

⁴Mean ± Standard Error. Values in the same row with different superscript letters (a, b) are significantly different, (P<0.05) after Tukey-Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons)

⁵To convert serum concentrations from µg/dl to SI units (µmol/L), divide by molecular weight (g/mole) and multiply by 10. Molecular weights for Carotenoids: alpha carotene=537, beta carotene=537, lutein=568, zeaxanthin=568, beta cryptoxanthin=552, lycopene=537. Molecular weights for Tocopherols: alpha tocopherol=431, gamma tocopherol=417, delta tocopherol=403