Table 1.
Associations of serum RBP4 with measures of subclinical CVD (N = 1,008)*
| n | Age- and sex-adjusted |
Multivariable-adjusted |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | β (95% CI) | Nominal P | β (95% CI) | Nominal P | ||
| Echocardiographic measures | ||||||
| LV mass (g) | 916 | 181 ± 60 | 0.28 (−0.13 to 0.69) | 0.19 | −0.12 (−0.47 to 0.23) | 0.50 |
| LV wall thickness (mm) | 916 | 21 ± 4 | 0.03 (0.01–0.06) | 0.016 | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.76 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 918 | 47 ± 6 | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.03) | 0.80 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 0.62 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 830 | 67 ± 8 | 0.01 (−0.06 to 0.07) | 0.85 | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08) | 0.70 |
| LV isovolumic relaxation time (ms) | 888 | 121 ± 21 | 0.10 (−0.05 to 0.25) | 0.20 | −0.05 (−0.20 to 0.10) | 0.50 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 946 | 39 ± 7 | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) | 0.98 | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.02) | 0.30 |
| log E/A ratio | 932 | 0.97 ± 0.28 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.85 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.94 |
| Carotid ultrasound measures | ||||||
| IMT (mm) | 947 | 0.89 ± 0.16 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.34 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.12 |
| IM-GSM | 983 | 79 ± 24 | −0.21 (−0.37 to −0.05) | 0.011 | −0.39 (−0.55 to −0.22) | <0.0001 |
| Number of carotid arteries with plaques† | 936 | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.59 | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.94 | |
| 0 | 324 ± 35 | |||||
| 1 | 340 ± 36 | |||||
| 2 | 272 ± 29 | |||||
| Plaque GSM‡ | 589 | 74 ± 32 | −0.17 (−0.43 to 0.08) | 0.19 | −0.33 (−0.60 to −0.05) | 0.020 |
| Measures of arterial compliance | ||||||
| logCCA distensibility (%) | 872 | −2.5 ± 0.5 | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | 0.30 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.26 |
| Endothelial function measures | ||||||
| FMD (%) | 982 | 4.8 ± 3.6 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.28 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | 0.49 |
| logEDV (%) | 859 | 524 ± 311 | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | 0.19 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.79 |
| logEIDV (%) | 876 | 369 ± 213 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.62 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.85 |
| RBP4 (μg/ml) | 1,008 | 31.1 ± 9.1 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
*Data from models with measures of subclinical disease as dependent variables and RBP4 with age and sex (in age- and sex-adjusted analyses) or age, sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, log plasma glucose, antidiabetes medication, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, creatinine, current or former smoking, and physical activity (in multivariable-adjusted analyses) as independent variables. β-coefficients are for a 1-unit increase of RBP4 and represent a change of subclinical measures in natural units (or log natural units for E/A ratio, common carotid artery distensibility, endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and endothelium-independent vasodilation).
†Data represent n (%) of individuals with 0, 1, or 2 carotid arteries with plaques and the β-coefficient per additional artery with a plaque.
‡Lowest GSM in a plaque at either side, except for when the Grey-Weal scale at either side was 4, in which case the highest plaque GSM was recorded. CCA, common carotid artery; EDV, endothelium-dependent vasodilation; EIDV, endothelium-independent vasodilation; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; LV, left ventricular; NA, not applicable.