Figure 3).

Preferred algorithm for the diagnosis and management of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-associated cholangitis. In all cases, a rigorous evaluation should be made to exclude biliary/pancreatic malignancy before initiating steroid therapy, which should not be used as a substitute for a thorough search for malignancy. AIP Autoimmune pancreatitis; CA Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; DIA Digital imaging analysis; FISH Fluorescent in-situ hybridization; HPF High-power field; IAC IgG4-associated cholangitis; ULN Upper limit of normal. Adapted from reference 43