Reagents and conditions: (a) TMSCHN2, C6H6, MeOH; (b) Pd(OAc)2, K2CO3, NBu4Cl, DMF; (c) 1.6 mol% Pd(OAc)2, CH2N2, THF or (d) Me3S(O)I/NaH, DMSO; (e) (i) aq. NaOH, MeOH, (ii) aq. HCl; (f) (i) diphenylphosphoryl azide, Et3N, t-BuOH, (ii) aq. HCl, THF; or (g) (i) ethyl chloroformate, Et3N, acetone, (ii) aq. NaN3, (iii) 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol, (iv) NBu4F, THF.