TABLE 1.
Sample Characteristics at Baseline (1995–1996) and at 10-Year Follow-Up (2006): Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, Southwest United States
| Not Frail, No. (%) or mean (±SD) |
Prefrail, No. (%) or mean (±SD) |
Frail, No. (%) or mean (±SD) |
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| 1995–1996 | 2006 | 1995–1996 | 2006 | 1995–1996 | 2006 | |
| Total | 918 (45) | 191 (25) | 975 (48) | 425 (55) | 156 (7) | 161 (21) |
| Age, y | 72.89 (±4.95) | 81.28 (±3.81)* | 75.10 (±6.23) | 82.70 (±4.50)* | 79.33 (±7.25) | 83.21 (±4.91)* |
| Women | 532 (58) | 118 (62)* | 580 (60) | 263 (62) | 83 (53) | 105 (65)* |
| Married | 510 (56) | 84 (44)* | 528 (54) | 180 (42)* | 71 (45) | 57 (35)* |
| Education, y | 4.83 (±3.91) | 4.88 (±3.81) | 4.89 (±3.89) | 5.14 (±3.86)* | 5.02 (±3.91) | 4.55 (±3.29)* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.45 (±5.05) | 26.96 (±4.52)* | 27.76 (±5.19) | 27.87 (±5.10) | 27.08 (±6.33) | 27.19 (±5.41) |
| SPPB scorea | 6.32 (±2.24) | 4.69 (±2.29)* | 4.53 (±2.13) | 2.33 (±1.43)* | 2.85 (±1.22) | 1.21 (±0.77)* |
| MMSE score | 24.94 (±3.97) | 21.71 (±3.88)* | 23.68 (±4.12) | 21.47 (±4.41)* | 21.40 (±4.88) | 19.14 (±5.63)* |
| PASE score | 114.47 (58.19) | 115.87 (61.17) | 81.95 (59.81) | 78.97 (56.85) | 22.35 (35.19) | 28.01 (36.71)* |
| CES-D scale score | 4.17 (±5.39) | 4.38 (±5.22) | 7.84 (±8.51) | 8.14 (±7.09) | 13.18 (±10.64) | 15.16 (±10.67)* |
| Daily activities | ||||||
| Total ADL problems | 0.01 (±0.20) | 0.42 (±1.02)* | 0.26 (±0.94) | 1.01 (±1.75)* | 0.93 (±1.70) | 2.13 (±2.32)* |
| Any ADL problem | 6 (1) | 43 (22)* | 94 (10) | 157 (37)* | 55 (35) | 98 (61)* |
| Total IADL problems | 0.77 (±1.67) | 1.74 (±2.24)* | 1.81 (±2.49) | 3.32 (±2.89)* | 4.77 (±2.93) | 6.09 (±2.94)* |
| Any IADL problem | 293 (32) | 105 (55)* | 511 (52) | 342 (81)* | 138 (89) | 153 (95)* |
| Interviewed in Spanish | 720 (78) | 163 (85)* | 816 (84) | 366 (86) | 130 (83) | 133 (83) |
| Medical conditionsb | ||||||
| Heart attack | 54 (6) | 20 (11)* | 110 (11) | 65 (15)* | 19 (12) | 36 (22)* |
| Stroke | 42 (5) | 14 (7) | 77 (8) | 58 (14)* | 26 (17) | 29 (18) |
| Hip fracture | 6 (1) | 3 (2) | 14 (1) | 28 (7)* | 7 (5) | 1 (7) |
| Cancer | 44 (5) | 11 (6) | 72 (7) | 35 (8) | 14 (9) | 12 (8) |
| Diabetes | 218 (24) | 54 (28) | 300 (31) | 146 (34) | 50 (32) | 77 (48)* |
| Arthritis | 373 (41) | 101 (52)* | 462 (47) | 263 (62)* | 86 (55) | 122 (76)* |
Note. BMI = body mass index; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Exam; PASE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental ADL. Not frail was defined as a score of 0 on the frailty index, prefrail as a score of 1 or 2, and frail as a score of 3 or higher. Total sample at baseline was N = 2049 participants; at 10-year follow-up, n = 777.
Included balance and chair stand items from SPPB scale.17
Self-reported lifetime occurrence of physician-diagnosed condition.
*P < .05, for difference between baseline and 2006 for each frailty category (by analysis of variance for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables).