TABLE 2.

Multiple Regression Models Predicting Frailty Index at Follow-Up (2006) From Data Collected at Baseline (1995–1996): Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, Southwest United States

	Model 1,a b (SE)	Model 2,b b (SE)	Model 3,c b (SE)
Age	0.05* (0.01)	0.06* (0.01)	0.06* (0.01)
Gender	0.02 (0.01)	0.04 (0.05)	0.08 (0.10)
Education	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
Married	0.10 (0.09)	0.13 (0.08)	0.16 (0.08)
Financial straina	0.05 (0.03)	0.05 (0.04)	0.03 (0.04)
Ever smoked		0.36* (0.15)	0.36* (0.14)
Medical conditionb
Diabetes		0.23* (0.10)	0.24* (0.11)
Hip fracture		0.79* (0.51)	0.57 (0.52)
Cancer		0.15 (0.23)	0.06 (0.24)
Stroke		0.22 (0.20)	0.14 (0.23)
Cardiac		0.31* (0.16)	0.26 (0.19)
Arthritis		0.17* (0.09)	0.13* (0.08)
BMI (kg/m2)		0.03* (0.01)	0.02* (0.01)
IADL problems			0.03 (0.02)
ADL problems			0.12 (0.11)
SPPB scorec			0.01 (0.02)
MMSE score			0.03* (0.01)
Affectd
Positive affect			0.03 (0.02)
Negative affect			0.06* (0.01)
Comorbid conditions			0.16* (0.05)
Frailty index at wave 2	0.18* (0.06)	0.13* (0.06)	0.09 (0.06)
R2	0.09	0.18*	0.29*

Note. BMI = body mass index; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Exam. Not frail was defined as a score of 0 on the frailty index, prefrail as a score of 1 or 2, and frail as a score of 3 or higher. All models included the baseline (1995–1996) frailty index as a covariate. Model 1 included sociodemographic variables. Model 2 added medical conditions and health status variables. Model 2 added physical performance measures and a cumulative comorbidity index.

^aThis was the degree of difficulty paying bills (1 = a great deal, 2 = some, 3 = a little, and 4 = none).

^bSelf-reported lifetime occurrence of physician-diagnosed condition.

^cThis included balance and chair stand items from SPPB scale.

^dThis was from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

*P < .05