TABLE 4.

Costs of Conditions Attributable to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke (SHS), by Age Group: Minnesota, 2003

	No. With Episodes	PAR, %	No. of Episodes Attributable to SHS	Cost per Episode, 2003 $	Total Cost, Millions of 2003 $	Total Cost, Millions of 2008 $
Aged 0–17 ya
Low birthweight	4 413	18.0	794	41 790	33.2	40.3
Acute lower-respiratory illnesses	31 953	25.0	7 988	848	6.8	8.2
Otitis media and middle-ear effusion	235 333	14.0	32 947	521	17.2	20.9
Asthma, wheeze illness	50 135	35.0	17 547	1 052	18.5	22.4
Aged 18–64 yb
Lung cancer	3 466	4.9	170	23 200	3.9	4.8
Coronary heart disease	73 914	6.9	5 100	9 650	49.2	59.7
Aged ≥ 65 yb
Lung cancer	4 450	4.9	218	58 303	12.7	15.4
Coronary heart disease	28 033	6.9	1 934	24 252	46.9	56.9
Grand total						228.7

Note. PAR = population attributable risk.

^aPAR for asthma and wheeze illness were calculated from the 2006 surgeon general's report¹ and prevalence data from the Minnesota Department of Health³²; PAR for low birthweight, acute lower respiratory illnesses, otitis media, and middle-ear effusion were calculated from Zollinger et al.⁹

^bPAR for lung cancer and coronary heart disease calculated from Zollinger et al.⁹ and Woodward and Laugesen.²⁹ The California Environmental Protection Agency 2005 report Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant¹⁰ includes a review of scientific studies in the United States and finds PARs in the range of 2.2% to 5.6% for lung cancer and 2.5% to 8.0% for coronary heart disease.