Table 1. AV411 reduced morphine-induced elevations of astrocytic GFAP and microglial CD11b activation markers as assessed by densitometry.

Densitometry analysis of individual brain nuclei for expression of GFAP or CD11b in several brain regions. A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analysis revealed significant reductions in glial activation markers when compared to saline+AV411 (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001) or morphine+AV411 (# P<0.05, ## P<0.05, ### P<0.001). Dark shading of the table cells indicates an increase in staining, whilst lighter cell shading signifies a decrease. n=4/group.

	Astrocyte activation (GFAP)			Microglial activation (CD11b)
	Saline + AV411	AV411 + Morphine	Vehicle + Morphine	Saline + AV411	AV411 + Morphine	Vehicle + Morphine
OPIOID WITHDRAWAL ASSOCIATED BRAIN NUCLEI
Ventral tegmental area	453.8±59.1	535.3±44.8	1041±82.0 *** ###	54.4±20.10	64.0±19.1	185.2±39.6 * #
Nucleus accumbens	120.4±15.6	313.3±23.0 ***	340.5±31.6 ***	226.3±22.1	245.8±76.1	58.8±15.5 * #
Dentate gyrus	184.3±10.4	162.9±13.9	260.2±33.4 * ##	21.2±3.5	22.2±3.0	49.3±2.9 *** ###
Cornu ammonis of the hippocampus	190.7±22.6	232.2±18.7	406.3±27.7 *** ###	132.4±22.7	102.6±7.0	59.3±6.6 *
Dorsal periaqueductal gray	387.9±41.1	383.0±24.9	756.4±35.4 *** ###	69.0±25.9	50.7±13.9	140.2±30.7 #
Substantia nigra	291.0±31.2	133.1±30.7 *	111.1±37.4 *	340.6±55.3	141.5±19.8 *	147.6±23.1 *
GENERAL BRAIN NUCLEI OF INTEREST
Medial prefrontal cortex	42.2±4.3	242.7±35.4 ** ##	253.7±26.5 ** ##	90.6±63	31.2±6.8 **	61.9±5.7
Ventral periaqueductal gray	406.7±48.0	455.0±19.3	776.0±53.9 *** ###	87.1±24.0	72.1±18.8	261.9±18.0 *** ###
Caudate Putamen	227.2±32.2	243.5±18.5	442.0±26.4 *** ##	25.8±2.0	24.4±3.5	64.0±3.6 *** ###
Dorsal raphe nucleus	831.1±129.3	752.9±217.5	873.0±127.0	290.2±114.4	257.2±53.0	280.5±38.0
Rostral ventromedial medulla	71.8±5.9	168.8±22.3	443.0±2.5 *** ##	30.1±6.2	22.7±2.0	75.3±7.7 * #
Trigeminal Nucleus	85.3±17.7	188.4±14.8 *	429.7±10.8 *** ##	53.2±3.0	23.02±3.0 *	83.5±7.6 ** #