Table 3.

Origins of trait differences: percentage of responses

			5–6-year-olds		8–10-year-olds		Adults
			Jpn (64)	US (80)	Jpn (64)	US (80)	Jpn (132)	US (128)
Origins of negative traits
	Physical
		Inborn	0.27	0.62	0.56	0.74	0.77	0.77
		Lack of effort	0.42	0.17	0.37	0.18	0.12	0.02
		Lack of instruction	0.17	0.11	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.15
		Immaturity	0.14	0.10	0.02	0.05	0.06	0.06
			χ2(3) = 19.59***		χ2(3) = 7.27*		χ2(3) = 15.47**
	Psychological
		Inborn	0.27	0.30	0.26	0.10	0.26	0.32
		Lack of effort	0.28	0.39	0.64	0.69	0.15	0.20
		Lack of instruction	0.27	0.15	0.08	0.17	0.55	0.45
		Immaturity	0.18	0.16	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.03
			χ2(3) = 3.52		χ2(3) = 7.26*		χ2(3) = 3.16
Origins of positive traits
	Physical
		Inborn	0.27	0.52	0.42	0.68	0.85	0.95
		Effort	0.56	0.34	0.49	0.31	0.07	0.02
		Instruction	0.17	0.14	0.09	0.01	0.08	0.03
			χ2(2) = 10.23**		χ2(2) = 11.58**		χ2(2) = 5.98*
	Psychological
		Inborn	0.19	0.30	0.25	0.14	0.35	0.44
		Effort	0.62	0.51	0.67	0.68	0.25	0.22
		Instruction	0.19	0.19	0.08	0.18	0.40	0.34
			χ2(2) = 2.44		χ2(2) = 5.19*		χ2(2) = 2.12

^*0.05 < p < 0.10.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.