Table 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for death by cause and vitamin and mineral treatment factors*
| Vitamin and mineral treatment factor†,‡ | |||||
| Cause of death by study period | N | Factor A (vs no factor A), HR (95% CI) | Factor B (vs no factor B), HR (95% CI) | Factor C (vs no factor C), HR (95% CI) | Factor D (vs no factor D), HR (95% CI) |
| Total study period (1986–2001) | |||||
| Total deaths | 9727 | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.09)‡ | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.95 (0.91 to 0.99)‡ |
| Cancer | 3242 | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.11) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.02) |
| Esophageal | 1515 | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.19) | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.02) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.20) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11) |
| Gastric | 1199 | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.09) | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.18) | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.00)‡ |
| Cardia | 873 | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.14) | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.23) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.01) |
| Noncardia | 326 | 1.02 (0.82 to 1.27) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.24) | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.12) |
| Esophageal and cardia | 2388 | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.11) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.17) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.04) |
| Other cancer | 528 | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.03) | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.21) | 0.89 (0.75 to 1.05) | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.11) |
| Cerebrovascular | 2984 | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.16)‡ | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 0.92 (0.86 to 0.99)‡ | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) |
| Other | 3501 | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.13) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 0.92 (0.86 to 0.98)‡ |
| Trial period (1986–1991) | |||||
| Total deaths | 2528 | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.11) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.08) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99)‡ |
| Cancer | 992 | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.12) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.16) | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.18) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.04) |
| Esophageal | 448 | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.17) | 0.90 (0.75 to 1.08) | 1.06 (0.88 to 1.28) | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.21) |
| Gastric | 406 | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.27) | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.31) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.28) | 0.81 (0.66 to 0.98)‡ |
| Cardia | 297 | 1.15 (0.92 to 1.45) | 1.07 (0.85 to 1.34) | 1.10 (0.88 to 1.39) | 0.83 (0.66 to 1.04) |
| Noncardia | 109 | 0.81 (0.56 to 1.18) | 1.09 (0.75 to 1.59) | 0.94 (0.65 to 1.37) | 0.75 (0.51 to 1.10) |
| Esophageal and cardia | 745 | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.20) | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.11) | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.25) | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.07) |
| Other cancer | 138 | 0.86 (0.62 to 1.20) | 1.37 (0.98 to 1.93) | 0.91 (0.65 to 1.28) | 0.96 (0.69 to 1.35) |
| Cerebrovascular | 643 | 1.06 (0.91 to 1.24) | 0.93 (0.80 to 1.09) | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.16) | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.05) |
| Other | 893 | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.20) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.12) | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.10) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.05) |
| Follow-up period 2 (1991–1996) | |||||
| Total deaths | 3555 | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.03) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) |
| Cancer | 1245 | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.14) | 0.89 (0.80 to 1.00)‡ | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.16) | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.11) |
| Esophageal | 594 | 1.15 (0.98 to 1.35) | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.07) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.22) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.23) |
| Gastric | 436 | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.21) | 0.91 (0.75 to 1.10) | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.34) | 0.95 (0.79 to 1.14) |
| Cardia | 321 | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.24) | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.12) | 1.11 (0.89 to 1.38) | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.20) |
| Noncardia | 115 | 1.02 (0.71 to 1.47) | 0.94 (0.65 to 1.35) | 1.13 (0.78 to 1.63) | 0.91 (0.63 to 1.31) |
| Esophageal and cardia | 915 | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.24) | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.03) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.21) | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.16) |
| Other cancer | 215 | 0.76 (0.58 to 1.00) | 0.81 (0.62 to 1.07) | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.18) | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.22) |
| Cerebrovascular | 1037 | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.21) | 1.11 (0.98 to 1.26) | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.01) | 1.10 (0.97 to 1.24) |
| Other | 1273 | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.17) | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.05) | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.03) | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.01) |
| Follow-up period 3 (1996–2001) | |||||
| Total deaths | 3644 | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.12) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 0.94 (0.88 to 1.00)‡ |
| Cancer | 1005 | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.13) | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.18) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) |
| Esophageal | 473 | 1.08 (0.90 to 1.29) | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.16) | 1.17 (0.98 to 1.40) | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.14) |
| Gastric | 357 | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.21) | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.20) | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.13) |
| Cardia | 255 | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.93)‡ | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.34) | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.28) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.10) |
| Noncardia | 102 | 1.30 (0.88 to 1.93) | 0.84 (0.57 to 1.24) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.35) | 1.06 (0.72 to 1.57) |
| Esophageal and cardia | 728 | 0.94 (0.81 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.86 to 1.15) | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.28) | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.06) |
| Other cancer | 175 | 1.02 (0.75 to 1.37) | 1.08 (0.80 to 1.45) | 0.85 (0.63 to 1.15) | 0.93 (0.69 to 1.25) |
| Cerebrovascular | 1304 | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.20) | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.12) | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.01) | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.05) |
| Other | 1335 | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.20) | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.11) | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.04) |
*
HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval.
†
Factor A = vitamin A (5000 IU/d) + zinc (22.5 mg/d); factor B = riboflavin (3.2 mg/d) + niacin (40 mg/d); factor C = ascorbic acid (120 mg/d) + molybdenum (30 μg/d); factor D = selenium (50 μg/d) + vitamin E (30 mg/d) + beta-carotene (15 mg/d). HRs (95% CIs) adjusted for the other three treatments factors, age (continuous), sex, and commune (four communes).
‡
P < .05.