Figure 1. Treatment of estradiol increases Ser^9,21-GSK3 phosphorylation and β-catenin accumulation in neuronal cells.

(A)-Neuroblastoma N2a-m were treated with different doses of estradiol and for different times (20–120 min with 10–500 nM) and the maximum increase in GSK3β-PSer⁹ was observed when they were treated for 60 min with 100–200 nM estradiol. (B)- Stabilization of β-catenin. N2a-m cells treated with estradiol showed a clear increase in β-catenin that could be prevented by prior exposure to ICI 182780 (used 100× concentrated in comparison to estradiol), 60 minutes before estradiol treatment (lower panel). (C)-Cortical Primary Neurons (2DIV) were treated with estradiol (100 nM) and the maximum increase in GSK3β-PSer⁹ and the subsequent stabilization of β-catenin was clearly detected 60–90 min after the onset of exposure. In all cases diagram shows the mean normalized densitometry values and the corresponding standard deviations from at least three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (Student's t-test) ** (P≤0.05), * (P≤0.01). The single * or ** compares data to control whereas the bar between different points shows statistical differences between experimental values.