Table 1.
Association of sociodemographic, medical, and lifestyle characteristics with prostate cancer among 35,244 men in the VITAL cohort
| Characteristics | No Prostate Cancer (N=34,412) |
Prostate Cancer (N= 832) |
Age- Adjusted HR |
Age- Adjusted 95% CI |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | % | Na | % | |||
| Socioeconomic Factors | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 50-<=55 | 8342 | 24.2 | 56 | 6.7 | ||
| 55-<=60 | 7938 | 23.1 | 139 | 16.7 | ||
| 60-<=65 | 6443 | 18.7 | 185 | 22.2 | ||
| 65-<=70 | 5694 | 16.6 | 199 | 23.9 | ||
| 70-<=77 | 5995 | 17.4 | 253 | 30.4 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| White | 31642 | 93.2 | 781 | 94.6 | 1.0 | |
| Black | 421 | 1.2 | 17 | 2.1 | 1.70 | 1.05-2.76 |
| Other | 1906 | 5.6 | 28 | 3.4 | 0.65 | 0.45-0.95 |
| Education | ||||||
| High School or less | 5405 | 15.9 | 135 | 16.3 | 1.0 | |
| Some college | 11910 | 35.0 | 291 | 35.2 | 1.19 | 0.97-1.46 |
| > College | 16705 | 49.1 | 400 | 48.4 | 1.19 | 0.98-1.45 |
| Prostate-Related Factors | ||||||
| PSA test in last 2 years | 24368 | 71.8 | 671 | 82.5 | 1.47 | 1.22-1.76 |
| Prior prostate biopsy | 2816 | 8.2 | 169 | 20.4 | 2.10 | 1.77-2.50 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 5386 | 15.7 | 222 | 26.8 | 1.46 | 1.24-1.71 |
| Finasteride use | 195 | 0.6 | 8 | 1.0 | 1.21 | 0.60-2.43 |
| Other drugs for BPH | 1212 | 3.5 | 51 | 6.2 | 1.36 | 1.02-1.81 |
| Family historyb | ||||||
| 0 | 29544 | 87.1 | 665 | 80.4 | 1.0 | |
| 1 | 4133 | 12.1 | 136 | 16.4 | 1.51 | 1.26-1.82 |
| 2+ | 263 | 0.8 | 29 | 3.1 | 3.35 | 2.26-4.97 |
| Lifestyle/Dietary Factors | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| 18.5-24.9 | 9189 | 27.5 | 223 | 27.4 | 1.0 | |
| 25-30 | 16205 | 48.5 | 435 | 53.5 | 1.15 | 0.98-1.35 |
| ≥30 | 7994 | 23.9 | 155 | 19.1 | 0.89 | 0.72-1.09 |
| Physical activity (MET-hrs/week) | ||||||
| None | 5115 | 15.1 | 110 | 13.4 | 1.0 | |
| 0.1-4 | 7215 | 21.3 | 164 | 19.9 | 1.04 | 0.82-1.32 |
| 4.1-10.5 | 7591 | 22.4 | 181 | 22.0 | 1.08 | 0.85-1.37 |
| 10.51-21.1 | 6827 | 20.1 | 179 | 21.8 | 1.18 | 0.93-1.50 |
| ≥21.1 | 7188 | 21.2 | 189 | 23.0 | 1.16 | 0.92-1.47 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | ||||||
| 0-1658 | 7941 | 25.0 | 204 | 26.4 | 1.0 | |
| 1659-2140 | 7946 | 25.0 | 198 | 25.6 | 0.99 | 0.82-1.21 |
| 2141-2699 | 7963 | 25.0 | 182 | 23.5 | 0.94 | 0.77-1.15 |
| ≥2700 | 7955 | 25.0 | 190 | 24.6 | 1.02 | 0.84-1.25 |
| Alcohol use (drinks/month) | ||||||
| <1 | 10669 | 31.6 | 235 | 28.2 | 1.0 | |
| 1-6 | 12555 | 37.2 | 322 | 39.5 | 1.24 | 1.05-1.48 |
| 7-13 | 5337 | 15.8 | 138 | 16.9 | 1.21 | 0.98-1.49 |
| 14-27 | 3574 | 10.6 | 78 | 9.6 | 0.97 | 0.75-1.26 |
| ≥28 | 1614 | 4.8 | 43 | 5.3 | 1.27 | 0.92-1.76 |
| Vegetable intake (serving/day) | ||||||
| 0-1.2 | 7929 | 25.1 | 155 | 20.4 | 1.0 | |
| 1.21-1.8 | 7889 | 25.0 | 186 | 24.4 | 1.13 | 0.91-1.39 |
| 1.81-2.5 | 7873 | 24.9 | 218 | 28.7 | 1.25 | 1.01-1.53 |
| >2.51 | 7869 | 24.0 | 202 | 26.5 | 1.15 | 0.93-1.42 |
| Current multivitamin use | ||||||
| No | 16231 | 47.2 | 333 | 40 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 18173 | 52.8 | 499 | 60 | 1.25 | 1.09-1.43 |
| 10-yr avg. supplemental vitamin E (mg/day)c | ||||||
| None | 16986 | 49.6 | 352 | 42.4 | 1.0 | |
| 0-37.4 | 5756 | 16.8 | 165 | 19.9 | 1.27 | 1.05-1.52 |
| 37.41-200 | 5756 | 16.8 | 151 | 18.2 | 1.12 | 0.93-1.36 |
| 201-1500 | 5748 | 16.8 | 162 | 19.5 | 1.09 | 0.91-1.32 |
| 10-yr avg. supplemental selenium (mcg/day)c | ||||||
| None | 19026 | 55.5 | 415 | 50.1 | 1.0 | |
| 0-11 | 7456 | 21.8 | 182 | 22.0 | 1.03 | 0.86-1.23 |
| 11.1-22.5 | 2727 | 8.0 | 92 | 11.1 | 1.47 | 1.17-1.84 |
| 22.51-400 | 5070 | 14.8 | 139 | 16.8 | 1.11 | 0.92-1.35 |
a
Numbers do not add up to total number due to missing data: for all variables missing data is <5%, with the exception of income (15.5% of no prostate cancer participants and 18.6% of cases), calories (7.6% of no prostate cancer participants and 7.0% of cases), and dietary vegetable intake (8.3% of no prostate cancer participants and 8.5% of cases)
b
Number of first degree relatives with prostate cancer
c
10-yr average vitamin E and selenium includes individual vitamin E or selenium supplements and multivitamins