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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2008 Apr 16;103(9):1414–1428. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02203.x

Table 1.

Gene effects on intermediate phenotypes for alcoholism.

Domain	Mode of assessment	Locus
Attention/dyscontrol	Low amplitude P300	COMT Val158Met
	Frontal cognitive tasks	MAOA–LPR
	Task-specific MRI
	Questionnaires
Pharmacokinetics	Flushing questionnaires	ALDH2 Glu487Lys
	Metabolite levels	ADH1B His47Arg
Level of response	Alcohol challenge/clamp
	Questionnaire
Treatment response	Response in clinical trials	OPRM1 Asn40Asp
Anxiety/dyscontrol	α, β resting EEG power
Mesolimbic reward	Task-specific MRI, PET
Stress/resiliency	Task-related MRI, PET	HTTLPR (La, S, Lg)
	Endocrine responses	COMT Val158Met
	Questionnaires	NPY
Brain volume/structure	Structural MRI	BDNF Met66Val
		MAOA–LPR
		HTTLPR
		COMT Val158Met