Table 2.
Relative risks (95% CI) for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality by caffeinated coffee consumption among women with type 2 diabetes (1980-2004) a
| Caffeinated coffee consumption, cups |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | < 1/mon | 1/mon to 4/wk | 5 to 7/wk | 2 to 3/d | ≥ 4/d | p for trend | |
| Total cardiovascular events | |||||||
| Person years | 12262 | 10853 | 21351 | 13754 | 4504 | ||
| Cases, n | 114 | 114 | 261 | 131 | 38 | ||
| Age-, and smoking-adjusted | 1.0 | 0.97 (0.75-1.26) | 1.05 (0.84-1.31) | 0.86 (0.66-1.10) | 0.82 (0.56-1.19) | 0.11 | |
| Multivariable I b | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.79-1.33) | 1.14 (0.91-1.43) | 0.94 (0.73-1.23) | 0.82 (0.55-1.21) | 0.18 | |
| Multivariable II c | 1.0 | 1.04 (0.80-1.36) | 1.14 (0.91-1.44) | 0.92 (0.70-1.20) | 0.76 (0.50-1.14) | 0.09 | |
| Total coronary heart disease | |||||||
| Cases, n | 77 | 69 | 178 | 82 | 28 | ||
| Age-, and smoking-adjusted | 1.0 | 0.89 (0.64-1.23) | 1.07 (0.82-1.41) | 0.78 (0.57-1.07) | 0.85 (0.55-1.33) | 0.19 | |
| Multivariable I b | 1.0 | 0.91 (0.65-1.26) | 1.13 (0.86-1.50) | 0.83 (0.60-1.15) | 0.79 (0.50-1.26) | 0.16 | |
| Multivariable II c | 1.0 | 0.94 (0.67-1.30) | 1.14 (0.86-1.50) | 0.80 (0.57-1.12) | 0.70 (0.43-1.14) | 0.06 | |
| Nonfatal MI | |||||||
| Cases, n | 41 | 25 | 99 | 37 | 15 | ||
| Age-, and smoking-adjusted | 1.0 | 0.61 (0.37-1.02) | 1.15 (0.79-1.67) | 0.66 (0.42-1.04) | 0.80 (0.43-1.48) | 0.31 | |
| Multivariable I b | 1.0 | 0.60 (0.36-0.99) | 1.15 (0.79-1.68) | 0.70 (0.44-1.11) | 0.77 (0.41-1.47) | 0.40 | |
| Multivariable II c | 1.0 | 0.60 (0.36-1.00) | 1.16 (0.79-1.70) | 0.69 (0.43-1.13) | 0.74 (0.38-1.45) | 0.38 | |
| Fatal CHD | |||||||
| Cases, n | 36 | 44 | 79 | 45 | 13 | ||
| Age-, and smoking-adjusted | 1.0 | 1.18 (0.76-1.84) | 0.99 (0.66-1.48) | 0.92 (0.59-1.43) | 0.91 (0.47-1.74) | 0.38 | |
| Multivariable I b | 1.0 | 1.31 (0.83-2.04) | 1.11 (0.74-1.67) | 0.99 (0.63-1.57) | 0.82 (0.42-1.60) | 0.26 | |
| Multivariable II c | 1.0 | 1.41 (0.90-2.22) | 1.12 (0.74-1.69) | 0.91 (0.56-1.46) | 0.67 (0.33-1.36) | 0.07 | |
| Stroke | |||||||
| Cases, n | 37 | 45 | 83 | 49 | 10 | ||
| Age-, and smoking-adjusted | 1.0 | 1.14 (0.74-0.77) | 1.01 (0.68-1.49) | 1.02 (0.66-1.57) | 0.73 (0.36-1.50) | 0.37 | |
| Multivariable I b | 1.0 | 1.24 (0.80-1.93) | 1.14 (0.77-1.71) | 1.19 (0.76-1.86) | 0.85 (0.41-1.77) | 0.75 | |
| Multivariable II c | 1.0 | 1.24 (0.80-1.93) | 1.13 (0.76-1.70) | 1.16 (0.73-1.85) | 0.86 (0.40-1.84) | 0.74 | |
| All-cause mortality | |||||||
| Person years | 12342 | 10911 | 21506 | 13841 | 4526 | ||
| Deaths, n | 136 | 135 | 267 | 146 | 50 | ||
| Age-, and smoking-adjusted | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.73-1.17) | 0.86 (0.70-1.06) | 0.78 (0.62-0.99) | 0.92 (0.66-1.28) | 0.22 | |
| Multivariable I b | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.85-1.38) | 1.04 (0.84-1.28) | 0.89 (0.70-1.13) | 0.82 (0.59-1.15) | 0.06 | |
| Multivariable II c | 1.0 | 1.10 (0.86-1.40) | 1.04 (0.84-1.30) | 0.87 (0.67-1.12) | 0.80 (0.55-1.14) | 0.05 | |
Total coronary heart disease includes nonfatal MI and fatal CHD. Total cardiovascular events include total coronary heart disease and stroke.
Adjusted for: age (5-year categories), smoking status (never, past, and current 1-14, 15-24, and ≥25 cigarettes/day), BMI (<23.0, 23.0 -24.9, 25.0-27.9, 28.0-29.9, or ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), alcohol intake (0, 0.1-4.9, 5-14, ≥15 g/d), parental history of MI, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, menopausal status and use of hormone therapy, physical activities (<1, 1-1.9, 2-3.9, 4-6.9, ≥7 h/wk), multivitamin use and vitamin E supplement use, total energy intake, duration of diabetes (<5, 5-10, 11-15, ≥15 y), and hypoglycemic medication.
Adjusted for factors cited above and polyunsaturated, saturated, and trans fat, n-3, glycemic load, dietary cereal fiber and folate intake (all in quintiles).