Skip to main content
. 2008 Dec;213(6):663–669. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01002.x

Table 1.

Landmarks used in this study

No. Name of landmark Description of landmark
Midline landmarks used in this study
17 trichion Midpoint of the hairline
18 supraglabella Most anterior point on midline
19 nasion The midpoint of the nasofrontal suture
20 pronasale The most protruded point of the nasal tip
21 subnasale The junction between the lower border of the nasal septum, the partition that divides the nostrils, and the cutaneous portion of the upper lip in the midline
22 labiale superius The midpoint of the vermilion border of the upper lip
23 stomion The midpoint of the labial fissure when the lips are closed naturally
24 labiale inferius The midpoint of the vermillion border of the lower lip
25 sublabiale The midpoint of the labiomental sulcus
26 gnathion The lowest point in the midline on the lower border of the chin
Right- and left-side landmarks used in this study
1, 27 frontal eminence Centered on eye pupil, most anterior point of the forehead
2, 28 frontotemporale The most medial point on the temporal crest of the frontal bone
3, 29 maxillofrontale The anterior lacrimal crest of the maxilla at the frontomaxillary suture
4, 30 endocanthion The inner corner of the eye fissure where the eyelids meet, not the caruncles (the red eminences at the medial angles of the eyes)
5, 31 palpebrale superius The highest point on the upper margin of the middle portion of the eyelid
6, 32 palpebrale inferius The lowest point in the middle of the margin of the lower eyelid
7, 33 exocanthion The outer corner of the eye fissure where the eyelids meet
8, 34 frontozygomaticus The most lateral point on the frontozygomatic suture
9, 35 supraaurale The highest point of the free margin of the ear
10, 36 zygion The most lateral point on the zygomatic arch
11, 37 subaurale The lowest point of the ear lobe
12, 38 alare The most lateral point on the nasal ala
13, 39 subalare The point on the lower margin of the base of the nasal ala where the ala disappears into the upper lip skin
14, 40 crista philtre The point on the crest of the philtrum, the vertical groove in the median portion of the upper lip, just above the vermilion border
15, 41 cheilion The outer corner of the mouth where the outer edges of the upper and lower vermilions meet
16, 42 gonion The most lateral point at the angle of the mandible