Requirement of NF-κB, p38, and JNK signaling for maximal IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion. HUCL cells were pre-treated as described in Figure 5. HUCL cell culture media were collected 4 hr post PA-infection, and released IL-6 (A), IL-8 (B), and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. The data shown are representative of triplicate experiments. All values are expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, and each pair showed significant differences in IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in inhibitor-treated PA-infected HUCL cells (p < 0.001).