Figure 4.

Mean ± SEM values for total urinary protein (A), albumin (B), β₂-microglobulin (C), and RBP in urine samples harvested from HIV-negative children without proteinuria (Control); HIV-infected children without proteinuria (HIV⁺-C); HIV-infected with trace proteinuria (HIV⁺-T); and HIV-infected with >1 + proteinuria (HIV⁺-P) (n = 10, 10, 11, and 9 in each group, respectively). All measurements were done as described in the methods section. Urine values were expressed as a urinary creatinine (UCR) ratio. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. (+, * and # indicate a P < 0.05; and ++, ** and ## indicate a P < 0.001 when compared with the HIV⁻-C, HIV⁺-C, and HIV⁺-T groups, respectively).