Table 4.

Major Immune Cells Expressing or Responding to RAGE-expressing Cells

Immune cell	Associated RAGE ligand	Effects on immune cells	Associated diseases
Neutrophils	AGE, Mac-1	Neutrophils adhere to RAGE-transfected cells but free AGE reduces this adherence and the ability of neutrophils to kill phagocytosed microorganisms (bacteria); This adherence elevates intracellular free calcium levels in humans. Upregulation of RAGE was not found after binding.	Diseases where AGE has been implicated (diabetes atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease)
T Cells	HMGB1	RAGE activation is one of the early events in differentiation and proliferation of Th1+ cells	Arthritis
B Cells	HMGB1-CpG DNA	Stimulates cytokine release along with TLR9	Sepsis
Macrophages, Monocytes	Any RAGE ligand	Inflammatory response is generated. Increased conversion of monocytes to macrophages. RAGE activation leads to destruction of macrophages.	Diabetes
Dendritic Cells	HMGB1, some S100's	Antigen presenting capacity is unaffected. RAGE expression is upregulated after cellular activation.	Arthritis