Table 1.

Clinical studies investigating the effects astaxanthin

Study	Dosage	Duration of supplementation	Findings
Iwamoto et al. 2000 [27]	Different doses: 1.8, 3.6, 14.4, 21.6 mg/day	2 weeks	Inhibition of LDL oxidation
Mercke Odeberg et al. 2003 [49]	40 mg	Single dose	Enhanced bioavailability with lipid based formulation
Spiller et al. 2003 [36]	6 mg/day (3 × 2 mg tablets/day)	8 weeks	Safety demonstrated in humans over 8 weeks
Comhaire et al. 2005 [32]	16 mg/day	12 weeks	Improved sperm parameters
Bloomer et al. 2005 [33]	4 mg/day	12 weeks	No effect on muscle injury
Andersen et al. 2007 [35]	40 mg/day	8 weeks	No effect on H pylori density or gastric inflammation
Karppi et al. 2007 [34]	8 mg/day	12 weeks	Intestinal absorption adequate with Capsules. Decreases oxidation of fatty acids
Kupcinskas et al. 2008 [30]	16 mg or 40 mg/day	4 weeks	Greater reduction in reflux symptoms in 40 mg treated patients and more pronounced if H pylori positive
Parisi et al. 2008 [31]	4 mg/day	12 months	Improved central retinal dysfunction in age related macular degeneration when administered with other antioxidants