Figure 3.

Fitness consequences of integration between aggression and dispersal in western bluebirds. (a) Non-aggressive males that stay in their natal population to breed have higher fitness than both aggressive males and males that dispersed (black bars, non-aggressive; grey bars, aggressive). (b) Compared with aggressive males, non-aggressive males are more likely to acquire a territory by budding off their relatives' territory. In paired comparisons among old and newly created habitat patches at (c) population 1 and (d) population 3, aggressive males that colonized new habitat had higher fitness than aggressive males that colonized older habitat patches. See figure 1 for population locations. Shown are means and standard errors. Adapted from Duckworth (2008).