. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2009 Mar 9;143(1-2):106–113. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.005

Table 3.

Results of nomothetic analyses for pain assessment decision domains

Decision	Cue		Mean (SD)	Median	t or z^*	d or r^**
Pain Intensity^a	Sex	Male	41.95 (20.97)	38.32	-3.83^‡	.76
		Female	45.01 (20.48)	43.63
	Race	Caucasian	41.68 (21.19)	39.34	-4.06^‡	.93
		African American	45.29 (20.23)	41.22
	Age	Young	41.20 (20.37)	37.77	-4.34^‡	1.05
		Old	45.76 (21.15)	41.28
	Expression	Low Pain	34.44 (22.56)	30.04	-8.21^‡	1.83
		High Pain	52.54 (20.81)	49.25

Pain Unpleasantness^b	Sex	Male	43.05 (21.41)	39.69	-3.86^‡	-.37
		Female	46.74 (20.23)	44.85
	Race	Caucasian	43.39 (21.34)	42.10	-3.46^†	-.33
		African American	46.40 (20.29)	42.94
	Age	Young	42.39 (20.58)	38.63	-4.69^‡	-.45
		Old	47.40 (21.15)	45.56
	Expression	Low Pain	35.33 (23.25)	31.26	-5.87^‡	-.56
		High Pain	54.47 (20.92)	52.72

Variable was normally distributed; thus, paired samples t-tests (t) and Cohen’s d (d) were used.

Variable was non-normally distributed; thus, Wilcoxen signed-rank tests (z) and coefficient r (r) were used.

t and z statistics used for paired samples t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, respectively.

^**

Cohen’s d and coefficient r used as effect size indices for paired samples t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, respectively.

^†

p<.01,

^‡

p<.001