Table 2.

Clinical outcomes and complications of each included study (part 1 of 2)

	Outcome		Complication
Study	Clinical outcome studied	Occurrence, %	Major	Minor
Ganguli et al.20	Average percentage decrease in tumour size	21	Ureteral injury; large perinephric, retroperitoneal, and pelvic hemorrhage	Second-degree burn; small perinephric or subcapsular hematomas
Lucas et al.5	1) Renal function — GFR < 60 mL/min/ 1.73 m2	RFA 89.47	NR	NR
		PN 88.88
		RN 100
	2) Local recurrence	RFA 6.97	NR	NR
		PN 2.35
		RN 0
Weight et al.21	1) Radiographic success	RFA 85	NR	NR
		CA 90
	2) No malignant cells on biopsy	RFA 65	NR	NR
		CA 94
Wingo and Leveillee22	Successfully managed with a single RFA session	92.7 (data from endophytic tumours)	Lower extremity paresthesia	Hematuria, retention, flank bruising
Bensalah et al.23	1) Hospital length of stay, d	RFA 1.5	Ureteric stricture (requiring a nephrectomy)
		LPN 2.9	Urinary leak; delayed bleeding (requiring bladder clot evacuation and stenting)	Acute urinary retention, perirenal hematoma
	2) Recurrences	RFA 2.63 LPN 0
Breen et al.24	1) Tumours completely treated	79.04	Moderate hydronephrosis and clyceal leak (subsequent urinoma)	Hematuria, renal hematoma
	2) Overall technical success rate	90.47
Stern et al.25	3-year recurrence-free survival rate	RFA 93.4	UPJ obstruction (subsequently had a nephrectomy) and pneumonia	Asymptomatic lower-pole hydrocalyx and temporary probe- site numbness
		PN 95.8	Flank-site hernia	Ileus
Zagoria et al.26	Completely ablated tumour	93	Large perinephric hematoma; pneumonia; severe neuropathic pain and ureteral strictures with concomitant hydronephrosis	Small pneumothoraces, perirenal hemorrhage, apnea, tachycardia, flank pain
Hegarty et al.27	1) Radiological evidence of tumour recurrence or persistence of disease	RFA11.1	There were no major complications	Perirenal hematoma; retroperitoneal hematoma; perirenal abscess and upper pole hydrocalicosis
		CA 1.8	Myocardial infarction; congestive heart failure and hemothorax	Urine leak; obstructed solitary kidney; pneumothorax; perirenal fluid collection and blood transfusion
	2) Cancer-specific survival	RFA 100 CA 98
Matin et al. 28	Overall residual or recurrent disease	RFA 13.4	NR	NR
		CA 3.9	NR	NR
Gervais et al.29	Complete tumour necrosis by imaging criteria	90	Hemorrhage requiring RBC transfusion and stent placement; asymptomatic posterior abdominal wall enhancing mass; ureteral stricture; urinoma and ureteral injury	Hemorrhage not requiring transfusion; inflammatory track mass; skin burns and transient neuropathic pain
Matsumoto et al.30	Successful ablation of the tumour	98	Lower-pole infarct, urine leak and UPJ obstruction	Leg and arm neuropathy; pneumonia; prolonged pain; postoperative narcotic reaction and hydrocalix
Wah et al.31	Occurrence of fever and flulike symptoms	RFA 82 CG NR	Flu-like symptoms; pneumonia; pain;	Lifestyle interference with general activities and work activities
DiMarco et al.32	Successful ablation of the tumour	95	UPJ obstruction; chronic lumbar plexopathy pain; wedge shaped renal infarct; major hemorrhage	NR

CA = cryoablation; CG = control group; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; LPN = laparoscopic partial nephrectomy; NR = not reported; PN = partial nephrectomy; RBC = red blood cells; RFA = radiofrequency ablation; RN = radical nephrectomy; UPJ = uretero–pelvic junction