Expansion of HSCs from BM failure patients by recombinant hoxb4. Frozen BM cells (0.2−5.5 × 105) from a normal control and BM failure patients were cultured in 1ml cytokine-supplemented Stemspam medium for 2 days, then T-hoxb4-H protein was added at 50nM every 6 hours for 4 days. Harvested cells were tested for the expansion of CFC and LTC-IC. Treatment with hoxb4 significantly expanded CFC (P<0.01) in normal control and patient samples (A), samples from MDS patients had the higher CFC expansion than from AA patients although not statistically significant (P<0.0918, B). Similarly, hoxb4 treatment produced significant LTC-IC expansion (P<0.01) in samples from normal control and patients (C), and samples from the two MDS patients showed significant higher LTC-IC than samples from AA patients (P<0.0001, D).