Table 1A. Genetic animal models for the study of AMPK signaling pathway.

Animal model	Tissue specificity	Remarks	Reference
Knock-out mice
AMPKα1	whole-body		(17)
AMPKα2	whole-body		(18)
AMPKβ1	whole-body		(B. Kemp)*
AMPKβ2	whole-body		(B. Kemp)*
AMPKγ3	whole-body		(65)
Alfpα2	liver	use of Alfp-Cre	(26)
α1KOAlfpα2	whole-body α1 and liver α2	use of Alfp-Cre	(24)
AgRPα2	hypothalamus (AgRP neurons)	use of AgRp-Cre	(124)
POMCα2	hypothalamus (POMC neurons)	use of POMC-Cre	(124)
α1KOPOMCα2	whole-body α1 and POMC α2	use of POMC-Cre	(124)
Muscle/heart LKB1	skeletal and cardiac muscle	use of MCK-Cre	(7, 8, 152)
Transgenic mice
AMPKα1R45A	skeletal and cardiac muscle	MCK promoter/AMPK-DN	(64)
AMPKα2D157A	skeletal and cardiac muscle	MCK promoter/AMPK-DN	(64)
AMPKα2R45A	skeletal and cardiac muscle	MCK promoter/AMPK-DN	(19)
AMPKα2D157A	heart	α-MHC promoter/AMPK-DN	(85)
AMPKγ1R70Q	skeletal muscle	α-actin promoter/AMPK-CA	(77)
AMPKγ2	heart	α-MHC promoter	(87, 88)
AMPKγ2R302Q	heart	α-MHC promoter/AMPK-CA	(87)
AMPKγ2N488I	heart	α-MHC promoter/AMPK-CA	(88, 89)
AMPKγ2T400N	heart	α-MHC promoter/AMPK-CA	(91)
AMPKγ2R531G	heart	α-MHC promoter/AMPK-CA	(90)
AMPKγ3	skeletal and cardiac muscle	MCK promoter	(65, 76)
AMPKγ3R225Q	skeletal and cardiac muscle	MCK promoter/AMPK-CA	(65,76)
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer
Liver AMPKα2-CA	liver	Ad AMPKα2-CA infection	(21)
Neuron AMPKα1-CA	hypothalamus	Ad AMPKα1-CA infection	(107)
Neuron AMPKα1+α2-DN	hypothalamus	Ad AMPKα1 +α2-DN infection	(107)
Liver LKB1 KO	liver	Ad Cre infection	(27)

Ad, adenovirus; Alfp, albumin α-fetoprotein; AgRP, agouti-related protein; Cre, Cre recombinase; MCK, muscle creatine kinase; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; α-MHC, α-myosin heavy chain; AMPKα1-CA, AMPKα1 constitutively active form; AMPKα2-CA, AMPKα2 constitutively active form; AMPKα1+α2-DN, AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 dominant negative forms.

^*Bruce Kemp, personal communication.