Table 2.
Means (with Standard Deviations) for Reaction Times, Errors, and Time-Out Trials on Anti- and Pro-Press Responses in the Speeded-Task Practice
| Exp | Rate | Dual Task |
Reaction Time (ms) | Errors | Time Out | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti | Pro | t | Anti | Pro | t | Anti | Pro | t | |||
| Running Memory Span | |||||||||||
| 1a | fast | none | 397 (53) | 363 (19) | 3.86* | 0.83 (1.1) | 0.79 (0.9) | < 1.0 | 0.25 (0.5) | 0.17 (0.4) | 1.16 |
| 1b | slow | none | 445 (69) | 403 (72) | 3.63* | 0.50 (0.8) | 0.44 (0.6) | < 1.0 | 0.44 (0.7) | 0.17 (0.4) | 1.54 |
| 1c | slow | co-art | 451 (102) | 404 (102) | 3.62* | 1.29 (0.9) | 1.33 (1.3) | < 1.0 | 0.99 (1.0) | 1.01 (0.8) | < 1.0 |
| slow | tap | 499 (128) | 471 (111) | 1.49 | 0.78 (1.0) | 0.65 (0.9) | < 1.0 | 0.92 (0.8) | 0.83 (0.6) | < 1.0 | |
| 1d | fast | co-art | 433 (98) | 400 (58) | 1.71 | 1.40 (1.2) | 1.06 (1.0) | 1.37 | 0.94 (0.2) | 0.90 (0.2) | < 1.0 |
| fast | tap | 479 (136) | 449 (120) | 1.68 | 1.00 (1.1) | 0.89 (0.5) | < 1.0 | 1.40 (1.6) | 1.11 (1.1) | < 1.0 | |
| Fixed-Length List Memory Span | |||||||||||
| 2a | slow | co-art | 411 (62) | 370 (41) | 1.90 | 0.44 (.62) | 0.39 (0.9) | < 1.0 | 0.91 (1.1) | 0.32 (0.7) | 2.37* |
| slow | tap | 431 (68) | 408 (39) | 1.49 | 1.06 (1.4) | 0.50 (0.8) | 1.46 | 0.56 (0.6) | 0.56 (0.8) | < 1.0 | |
| 2b | fast | co-art | 419 (72) | 388 (54) | 2.44* | 1.28 (1.5) | 0.72 (1.0) | 2.09* | 0.59 (0.7) | 0.72 (1.0) | < 1.0 |
| fast | tap | 441 (96) | 397 (76) | 2.75* | 0.89 (1.0) | 1.11 (1.1) | < 1.0 | 0.56 (0.9) | 0.44 (0.5) | < 1.0 | |
| 2c | both | none | 381 (49) | 351 (36) | 2.31* | 0.95 (1.0) | 0.65 (1.0) | 1.06 | 0.70 (0.7) | 0.40 (0.6) | 1.67 |
p < .05, as determined by paired-subjects t-tests for the comparison of reaction times, errors, and time outs on the anti- and pro-press speeded tasks.
Note. The speeded task practice was not paired with a memory task, so the practice was the same across the experiments, except for the kind of dual task. “Exp” = experiment. “Anti” and “Pro” = the anti- and pro-press speeded task conditions, respectively. “Co-art” and “Tap” = the co-articulation and knee tapping dual-task conditions, respectively. Reaction times are for correct responses only. Errors (same-side key presses on antipress trials and opposite-side key presses on pro-press trials) refer to the mean number of errors out of 18 trials. Time Out here refers to reaction times exceeding 1,000 ms; the mean number of these trials is shown. They were dropped from the analysis, and the computer program re-ran these trials.