Table 3.
Means (with Standard Deviations) for Reaction Times, Errors, and Time-Out Trials on Anti- and Pro-Press Responses in the Speeded Task, When Performed With a Memory Task
| Exp | Rate | Dual Task |
Reaction Time (ms) | Errors | Time Out | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti | Pro | t | Anti | Pro | t | Anti | Pro | t | |||
| Running Memory Span | |||||||||||
| 1a | fast | none | 382 (45) | 364 (30) | 2.10* | 4.33 (3.0) | 1.83 (2.3) | 4.40* | 2.83 (0.5) | 2.17 (1.8) | < 1.0 |
| 1b | slow | none | 384 (61) | 377 (51) | < 1.0 | 1.67 (1.6) | 1.14 (1.3) | 1.47 | 3.05 (2.2) | 3.48 (1.7) | < 1.0 |
| 1c | slow | co- | 393 (68) | 372 (50) | 2.39* | 5.24 (3.5) | 4.86 (3.1) | < 1.0 | 2.52 (1.7) | 2.57 (2.0) | < 1.0 |
| slow | tap | 438 (87) | 418 (90) | 1.16 | 4.19(2.8) | 4.24 (2.3) | < 1.0 | 3.05 (1.7) | 3.43 (1.9) | < 1.0 | |
| 1d | fast | co- | 427 (73) | 400 (47) | 2.15* | 6.78 (5.5) | 5.72 (4.2) | 1.01 | 4.00 (4.4) | 4.00 (3.3) | < 1.0 |
| fast | tap | 449 (108) | 421 (102) | 2.26* | 5.94 (4.8) | 4.00 (2.6) | 1.49 | 3.44 (0.5) | 3.17 (1.2) | < 1.0 | |
| Fixed-Length List Memory Span | |||||||||||
| 2a | slow | co-art | 406 (59) | 389 (66) | < 1.0 | 5.00 (3.0) | 3.44 (2.0) | 2.12* | 3.44 (2.2) | 2.83 (1.7) | < 1.0 |
| slow | tap | 399 (54) | 389 (51) | < 1.0 | 3.33 (2.6) | 1.96 (1.4) | < 1.0 | 3.06 (2.5) | 2.33 (1.6) | < 1.0 | |
| 2b | fast | co-art | 383 (63) | 362 (43) | 1.69 | 4.72 (3.7) | 3.83 (3.9) | < 1.0 | 3.39 (1.8) | 3.11 (2.6) | < 1.0 |
| fast | tap | 390 (64) | 364 (55) | 3.12* | 4.39 (2.7) | 4.11 (2.6) | < 1.0 | 3.17 (2.0) | 3.28 (1.7) | < 1.0 | |
| 2c | fast | none | 351 (25) | 341 (34) | 1.44 | 3.10 (3.5) | 1.20 (1.7) | 2.60* | 4.05 (2.8) | 1.75 (2.0) | 3.81* |
| slow | none | 366 (24) | 345 (26) | 6.29* | 4.75 (3.7) | 3.80 (3.9) | 1.25 | 3.35 (2.5) | 2.2 (2.0) | 2.60* | |
p < .05, as determined by paired-subjects t-tests for the comparison of reaction times, errors, and time outs on the anti- and pro-press speeded tasks.
Note. “Exp” = experiment. “Anti” and “Pro” = the anti- and pro-press speeded task conditions, respectively. “Co-art” and “Tap” = the co-articulation and knee tapping dual-task conditions, respectively. Reaction times are for correct responses only. Errors (same-side key presses on anti-press trials and opposite-side key presses on pro-press trials) refer to the mean number of errors out of 18 trials. Time Out here refers to reaction times exceeding the participant’s speeded-task practice mean plus 1 SD. They were dropped from the analysis, and the computer program re-ran those trials.