TABLE 1.
Age-standardized baseline (1980) lifestyle, health, and 1990 dietary characteristics of the women by sugar-sweetened beverage consumption1
| Consumption level |
|||||
| <1/mo | 1–4/mo | 2–6/wk | 1 to <2/d | ≥2/d | |
| (n = 34,010) | (n = 19,874) | (n = 21,661) | (n = 8325) | (n = 4650) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 0.01 | 24.1 ± 0.01 | 24.3 ± 0.01 | 24.5 ± 0.01 | 25.3 ± 0.02 |
| Smokers (%) | 29 ± 0.07 | 26 ± 0.09 | 26 ± 0.09 | 30 ± 0.10 | 36 ± 0.20 |
| Physical activity (h/wk)2 | 4.1 ± 0.01 | 3.9 ± 0.01 | 3.9 ± 0.01 | 3.8 ± 0.01 | 3.5 ± 0.01 |
| Family history (%)3 | 30 ± 0.07 | 29 ± 0.10 | 28 ± 0.09 | 29 ± 0.15 | 29 ± 0.20 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 5 ± 0.03 | 5 ± 0.04 | 5 ± 0.04 | 4 ± 0.07 | 5 ± 0.09 |
| Hypertension (%) | 15 ± 0.06 | 14 ± 0.07 | 15 ± 0.07 | 16 ± 0.11 | 18 ± 0.15 |
| Dietary intake (1990) | |||||
| Alcohol intake (g) | 7 ± 0.02 | 5 ± 0.02 | 5 ± 0.02 | 4 ± 0.05 | 4 ± 0.09 |
| Energy (kcal) | 1602 ± 1 | 1709 ± 1 | 1831 ± 1 | 1994 ± 2 | 2092 ± 5 |
| Glycemic load | 101 ± 0.1 | 111 ± 0.1 | 124 ± 0.1 | 147 ± 0.2 | 167 ± 0.4 |
| Carbohydrates (% of energy) | 49 ± 0.02 | 49 ± 0.02 | 51 ± 0.01 | 53 ± 0.04 | 56 ± 0.07 |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 31 ± 0.01 | 32 ± 0.01 | 32 ± 0.01 | 31 ± 0.03 | 30 ± 0.05 |
| Fiber (g) | 19 ± 0.02 | 20 ± 0.02 | 20 ± 0.01 | 19 ± 0.04 | 17 ± 0.07 |
| Total sugar (g) | 89 ± 0.1 | 98 ± 0.1 | 114 ± 0.1 | 145 ± 0.2 | 179 ± 0.4 |
| Fruit and vegetables (servings) | 5.8 ± 0.01 | 5.8 ± 0.01 | 5.8 ± 0.01 | 5.6 ± 0.01 | 5.2 ± 0.03 |
| Fructose (g) | 20 ± 0.03 | 21 ± 0.03 | 26 ± 0.02 | 37 ± 0.06 | 51 ± 0.11 |
| Sucrose (g) | 35 ± 0.04 | 39 ± 0.04 | 46 ± 0.04 | 58 ± 0.10 | 67 ± 0.18 |
| AHEI score | 44 ± 0.02 | 43 ± 0.02 | 41 ± 0.02 | 38 ± 0.05 | 35 ± 0.10 |
1
All values are means ± SEMs and were age-standardized as computed with a generalized linear model. Beverage consumption includes sweetened carbonated and noncarbonated beverages. n values reflect the number of women in 1980. AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index. P values were <0.05 for trends across increasing categories of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, except for fiber intake.
2
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
3
Parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60 y.