TABLE 3.
Associations between intakes of calcium and magnesium from animal, plant, and milk sources and risk of type 2 diabetes1
| Calcium |
Magnesium |
|||||||||
| Median intake | Cases | Person-years | All participants | Confirmed diabetes | Median intake | Cases | Person-years | All participants | Confirmed diabetes | |
| mg/d | n | n | mg/d | n | n | |||||
| Animal sources | ||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 22.7 | 694 | 58,674.2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 15.2 | 655 | 58,456.9 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quintile 2 | 38.4 | 471 | 59,458.5 | 0.83 (0.73, 0.93)2 | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) | 24.6 | 469 | 59,968.9 | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) |
| Quintile 3 | 52.1 | 392 | 60,206.1 | 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) | 32.3 | 382 | 57,817.7 | 0.78 (0.69, 0.90) | 0.79 (0.67, 0.94) |
| Quintile 4 | 68.7 | 375 | 59,726.8 | 0.75 (0.65, 0.86) | 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) | 42.0 | 384 | 62,153.9 | 0.77 (0.67, 0.89) | 0.79 (0.66, 0.93) |
| Quintile 5 | 102.4 | 338 | 59,678.4 | 0.72 (0.62, 0.84) | 0.73 (0.61, 0.88) | 61.3 | 380 | 59,346.9 | 0.80 (0.69, 0.94) | 0.83 (0.68, 1.00) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Plant sources | ||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 191.8 | 499 | 59,326.5 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 161.5 | 411 | 59,273.7 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quintile 2 | 254.2 | 431 | 59,923.3 | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 194.3 | 407 | 59,965.8 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.10) |
| Quintile 3 | 306.8 | 376 | 60,192.3 | 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.88) | 221.3 | 446 | 59,646.7 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.15) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) |
| Quintile 4 | 368.8 | 448 | 59,376.1 | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.80 (0.67, 0.95) | 251.0 | 480 | 59,852.1 | 0.99 (0.85, 1.17) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) |
| Quintile 5 | 481.0 | 516 | 58,926.2 | 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.95) | 303.2 | 380 | 59,006.0 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.18) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) |
| P for trend | 0.09 | <0.01 | 0.98 | 0.36 | ||||||
| Milk source | ||||||||||
| None | 0 | 1035 | 76,426.9 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 0 | 1035 | 76,426.9 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Low | 36.5 | 468 | 7146.2 | 0.63 (0.58, 0.72) | 0.69 (0.61, 0.79) | 3.9 | 472 | 71,501.8 | 0.64 (0.57, 0.71) | 0.69 (0.60, 0.79) |
| Medium | 118.8 | 344 | 75,250.9 | 0.44 (0.39, 0.51) | 0.57 (0.49, 0.66) | 12.6 | 339 | 75,349.9 | 0.47 (0.41, 0.53) | 0.58 (0.50, 0.67) |
| High | 208.0 | 423 | 74,606.4 | 0.64 (0.57, 0.73) | 0.67 (0.58, 0.78) | 22.0 | 424 | 74,465.8 | 0.64 (0.57, 0.72) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.77) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
1
Adjusted for age, energy intake (in kcal/d), BMI (in kg/m2), waist-hip ratio, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income level, education level, occupation, and hypertension. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of calcium and magnesium intakes on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Tests for trend were performed by entering the categorical variables as continuous parameters in the models.
2
Relative risk; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).