TABLE 2.
Cognitive test performance according to food security status1
| Food insecure |
||||
| Food secure (n = 1194) | Low security (n = 81) | Very low security (n = 83) | P for trend | |
| MMSE | ||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted | 23.4 ± 0.10 | 23.2 ± 0.37 | 21.9 ± 0.372 | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted | 23.4 ± 0.10 | 23.3 ± 0.34 | 22.5 ± 0.353 | 0.003 |
| Further adjusted for depression score | 23.4 ± 0.09 | 23.4 ± 0.35 | 22.7 ± 0.35 | 0.04 |
| Major cognitive function factors4 | ||||
| Executive function | −0.004 ± 0.03 | −0.10 ± 0.11 | −0.21 ± 0.11 | 0.003 |
| Memory | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.12 | −0.08 ± 0.13 | 0.32 |
| Attention | −0.002 ± 0.03 | −0.21 ± 0.12 | 0.04 ± 0.13 | 0.81 |
1
Values are means ± SEs. MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination. Means were compared by using the general linear model procedure in SAS (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC), with Tukey's adjustment for multiple comparisons.
2,3
Significantly different from food secure: 2P < 0.05, 3P < 0.001.
4
Adjusted for age (y), sex, BMI (in kg/m2; <25, 25–29.9, or ≥30), education (<5th grade, 5th–8th grade, 9th–12th grade, college, or graduate school), poverty (yes or no), acculturation score, smoking (never, past, or current), use of alcohol (never, past, or current), presence of diabetes and hypertension (each, yes or no), and plasma homocysteine (μmol/L).