TABLE 3.

Individual cognitive test performance results according to food security status¹

		Food insecure
	Food secure (n = 1194)	Low security (n = 81)	Very low security (n = 83)	P for trend
Word list learning	0.03 ± 0.03	0.03 ± 0.10	−0.29 ± 0.112	0.02
Recognition	0.03 ± 0.03	0.10 ± 0.11	−0.15 ± 0.11	0.55
Percentage retention3	0.03 ± 0.03	−0.08 ± 0.11	−0.20 ± 0.11	0.01
Stroop test	−0.0006 ± 0.03	−0.02 ± 0.11	−0.09 ± 0.11	0.24
Letter fluency	0.007 ± 0.03	−0.06 ± 0.10	−0.21 ± 0.11	0.03
Digit span forward	0.005 ± 0.03	−0.10 ± 0.11	0.007 ± 0.11	0.72
Digit span backward	0.009 ± 0.03	−0.14 ± 0.11	−0.21 ± 0.11	0.006
Clock drawing	0.005 ± 0.03	−0.23 ± 0.11	−0.07 ± 0.10	0.07
Figure copying	−0.01 ± 0.03	0.004 ± 0.10	−0.08 ± 0.10	0.19

¹Values are means ± SEs and adjusted for age (y), sex, BMI (in kg/m²; <25, 25–29.9, or ≥30), education (<5th grade, 5th–8th grade, 9th–12th grade, college, or graduate school), poverty (yes or no), acculturation score, smoking (never, past, or current), use of alcohol (never, past, or current), presence of diabetes and hypertension (each, yes or no), and plasma homocysteine (μmol/L). z Scores are presented for standardizing purposes. Means were compared by using the general linear model procedure in SAS (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC), with Tukey's adjustment for multiple comparisons.

²Significantly different from food secure, P < 0.05.

³Calculated by dividing the number of words recalled after delay by the number of correct responses on the fifth learning trial.