TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics according to median (range) tertiles of dietary glycemic load and glycemic index among controls1
| Tertiles of glycemic load |
Tertiles of glycemic index |
|||||||
| Low | Intermediate | High | Low | Intermediate | High | |||
| Characteristic | 63.0 (1.0–72.0) | 82.0 (73.0–91.0) | 104.0 (92.0–196.0) | P | 47.5 (5.7–49.7) | 51.3 (49.7–53.0) | 55.0 (53.1–64.0) | P |
| Age (y) | 47.9 ± 6.62 | 47.4 ± 6.8 | 47.3 ± 7.1 | 0.25 | 48.0 ± 6.8 | 47.9 ± 6.6 | 46.8 ± 7.0 | 0.003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 4.4 | 24.6 ± 4.8 | 24.3 ± 4.6 | 0.59 | 24.6 ± 4.6 | 24.2 ± 4.4 | 24.5 ± 4.8 | 0.10 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 25 | 20 | 22 | 0.07 | 23 | 24 | 21 | 0.53 |
| Current smoking (%) | 21 | 20 | 18 | <0.0001 | 19 | 17 | 23 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 9.7 ± 12.2 | 5.7 ± 8.7 | 3.7 ± 6.4 | <0.0001 | 8.4 ± 12.0 | 6.2 ± 8.9 | 4.6 ± 7.4 | <0.0001 |
| Coffee intake (cups/d)3 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 0.0008 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 0.006 |
| Physical (h/wk) | 4.02 ± 2.93 | 4.39 ± 2.96 | 3.9 ± 2.79 | 0.02 | 4.62 ± 2.92 | 4.06 ± 2.91 | 3.68 ± 2.80 | <0.0001 |
| Postmenopausal (%) | 53 | 49 | 50 | 0.23 | 52 | 51 | 49 | 0.70 |
| Current PMH users (%) | 22 | 20 | 18 | 0.61 | 21 | 21 | 18 | 0.63 |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1606 ± 508 | 1599 ± 476 | 1560 ± 472 | 0.19 | 1597 ± 520 | 1598 ± 468 | 1570 ± 469 | 0.52 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 30 ± 6 | 39 ± 4 | 47 ± 6 | <0.0001 | 36 ± 9 | 38 ± 8 | 41 ± 9 | <0.0001 |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 45 ± 7 | 39 ± 6 | 34 ± 6 | <0.0001 | 40 ± 8 | 39 ± 7 | 39 ± 8 | 0.26 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 21 ± 3 | 19 ± 3 | 17 ± 3 | <0.0001 | 21 ± 4 | 19 ± 3 | 18 ± 3 | <0.0001 |
| Energy-adjusted intakes | ||||||||
| P:S ratio | 0.31 ± 0.1 | 0.34 ± 0.11 | 0.40 ± 0.16 | <0.0001 | 0.32 ± 0.13 | 0.35 ± 0.12 | 0.38 ± 0.16 | <0.0001 |
| trans Fat (g/d) | 4.14 ± 1.3 | 4.06 ± 1.3 | 3.86 ± 1.37 | 0.0004 | 3.48 ± 1.14 | 4.14 ± 1.32 | 4.43 ± 1.34 | <0.0001 |
| Cereal fiber (g/d) | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 2.67 ± 1.49 | 3.09 ± 1.68 | <0.0001 |
| Glycemic index | 48.5 ± 5.0 | 51.2 ± 3.4 | 53.7 ± 3.4 | <0.0001 | 46.5 ± 3.8 | 51.4 ± 0.97 | 55.5 ± 1.97 | <0.0001 |
| Glycemic load (g) | 59.4 ± 11.6 | 82.2 ± 5.2 | 109.3 ± 17.0 | <0.0001 | 69.8 ± 19.7 | 83.3 ± 18.3 | 97.7 ± 24.1 | <0.0001 |
1
PMH, postmenopausal hormone; P:S, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Differences between genotypes were tested with a chi-square test for categorical variables and by ANOVA for continuous variables.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).
3
1 cup = 237 mL.