Table 4. Sources and magnitudes of relative risks for the effects of alcohol use on disease-specific mortality.
| Disease Outcome | Source of RR | Age Group | Sex | Abstainers | DIa | DIIa | DIIIa | Binge Drinkers |
| IHD a | Meta-analysis of observational studies for non-binge [19], [30] and binge drinkers [80] | 30–44 | — | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 45–59 | — | 1.00 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 60–69 | — | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 70–79 | — | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 80+ | — | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Ischemic stroke b | Meta-analysis of 35 observational studies [19], [81] | 30–44 | M | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 3.84 | — |
| F | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 1.33 | — | |||
| 45–59 | M | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 2.52 | — | ||
| F | 1.00 | 0.91 | 1.05 | 1.22 | — | |||
| 60–69 | M | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 1.69 | — | ||
| F | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.02 | 1.10 | — | |||
| 70–79 | M | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 1.32 | — | ||
| F | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.05 | — | |||
| 80+ | M | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | ||
| F | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Hemorrhagic stroke b | Meta-analysis of 35 observational studies [19], [81] | 30–44 | M | 1.00 | 1.65 | 3.16 | 6.65 | — |
| F | 1.00 | 1.30 | 2.07 | 3.89 | — | |||
| 45–59 | M | 1.00 | 1.42 | 2.21 | 3.60 | — | ||
| F | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.67 | 2.54 | — | |||
| 60–69 | M | 1.00 | 1.19 | 1.55 | 2.18 | — | ||
| F | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.30 | 1.70 | — | |||
| 70–79 | M | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.25 | 1.55 | — | ||
| F | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.13 | 1.32 | — | |||
| 80+ | M | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | ||
| F | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Hypertensive disease | Overview of observational studies [19], [82], [83] | — | M | 1.00 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 4.1 | — |
| — | F | 1.00 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | — | ||
| Cardiac arrhythmias | Overview of observational studies [82] | — | — | 1.00 | 1.51 | 2.23 | 2.23 | — |
| Breast cancer | Systematic review of epidemiological studies [19], [82], [83] | 30–44 | F | 1.00 | 1.15 | 1.41 | 1.46 | — |
| 45+ | F | 1.00 | 1.14 | 1.38 | 1.62 | — | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Pooled analysis of 8 prospective cohort studies [84] | — | M | 1.00 | 1.0 | 1.16 | 1.41 | — |
| — | F | 1.00 | 1.0 | 1.01 | 1.41 | — | ||
| Esophagus cancer | Overview of observational studies [19], [82], [83] | — | — | 1.00 | 1.80 | 2.38 | 4.36 | — |
| Mouth and pharynx cancer | Overview of observational studies [19], [82], [83] | — | — | 1.00 | 1.45 | 1.85 | 5.39 | — |
| Laryngeal cancer | Overview of observational studies [82] | — | — | 1.00 | 1.83 | 3.90 | 4.93 | — |
| Liver cancer | Overview of observational studies [19], [82], [83] | — | — | 1.00 | 1.45 | 3.03 | 3.60 | — |
| Selected other cancers c | Overview of observational studies [19], [83] | — | — | 1.00 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.7 | — |
| Diabetes mellitus | Overview of observational studies [19], [82], [83] | — | M | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.57 | 0.73 | — |
| — | F | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 1.13 | — | ||
| Liver cirrhosis | Overview of observational studies [19], [82], [83] | — | — | 1.00 | 1.3 | 9.5 | 13 | — |
| Acute and chronic pancreatitis | Meta-analysis of observational studies [85] | — | M | 1.00 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 3.2 | — |
| — | F | 1.00 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.8 | — | ||
| BAC % | <0.01 | 0.01–0.04 | 0.05–0.07 | 0.08–0.1 | ≥0.11 | |||
| Road traffic injury deaths | Grand Rapids Study [19], [86] d | OR | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 10.7 | |
| Falls, homicide and suicide, and other injury deaths | Grand Rapids Study [19], [86] d | OR | 10.7e | — | — | — | — |
Exposure categories were: Abstainer, a person not having had a drink containing alcohol within the last year; DI 0–19.99 g of pure alcohol daily (females) and 0–39.99 g (males); DII, 20–39.99 g (females) and 40–59.99 g (males); and DIII, >40 g (females) and >60 g (males). Binge drinking was defined as having at least one occasion of five or more drinks in the last month. For IHD, the categories refer to non-binge drinkers.
For these risk factor–disease pairs, RRs in the source were reported for all ages combined. We used median age at event and the age pattern of excess risk from smoking and the same disease to estimate RRs for each age category.
This category includes ICD-9 codes 210–239.
These odds ratios were used to estimate PAF as described in the Methods section.
Used to estimated PAF for having drunk alcohol in the last 6 h before injury.