TABLE 1.

Summary of Study Outcomes, Instruments, Definitions, and Measures for Adolescent Offenders Followed Into Young Adulthood: United States

Outcome	Definition or Study Instrument	Reference Period	Measure
Criminality and institutionalization
Institutionalization	Days spent in jail or prison	Past 90 days	0 days/1–89 days/90 days
Criminal behavior	Last time respondent did anything that might get them into trouble or be against the law, besides using alcohol or drugs	Previous year	Yes/No
	17 items about the last time they committed a specific crime typea	Past 90 days	Yes/No
Criminal justice involvement	Arrested, charged with a crime, and booked	Previous year	Yes/No
Substance use, substance-use disorders, and mental health
Substance use	13 items about the last time they used any of 13 classes of psychoactive substancesb	Previous year	Tobacco use
			Alcohol use until drunk
			Illegal drug use
			Hard drug use
Depression	≥ 5 symptoms of depression, including depressed mood or anhedonia	Past 90 days	Yes/No
ADHD	≥ 6 inattentiveness symptoms or ≥ 6 hyperactivity symptoms	Past 90 days	Yes/No
Substance abuse	≥ 1 abuse symptoms	Previous year	Yes/No
Substance dependence	≥ 3 dependence symptoms	Previous year	Yes/No
Social functioning
Personal relationships	Marriage	Lifetime or current	Yes/No
	Given birth to or fathered a child	Lifetime	Yes/No
Living situation	Homeless	Previous year	Yes/No
Educational attainment	High-school completion or GED	Lifetime	Yes/No
Employment	Work at a job	Previous year	Yes/No
	Employment statusc	Current	Per work situation

Note. ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; GED = general equivalency diploma.

^aCrime types were vandalism, possession of stolen goods, forgery, larceny-theft (from a store), larceny-theft (not from a store), burglary, car theft, robbery, simple assault, aggravated assault, armed robbery, rape, murder, arson, driving under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs, drug sales, prostitution, and illegal gambling.

^bPsychoactive substances were cigarettes (or any other tobacco use), any kind of alcohol (used until drunk), marijuana/hashish, crack/cocaine (freebase), other forms of cocaine, inhalants, heroin, painkillers/opiates/analgesics, PCP/angel dust, acid/hallucinogens, antianxiety drugs/tranquilizers, speed/uppers/amphetamines/methamphetamines/other stimulants, downers/sleeping pills/barbiturates/other downers, some other drug.

^cCurrent employment statuses were employed full time, employed part time, has a job but not at work because of treatment, extended illness, maternity leave, furlough, strike, has a job but not at work because job is seasonal, unemployed/laid off and looking for work, unemployed/laid off and not looking for work, full-time homemaker, in school or training, in school or training but not currently going to classes, retired, in jail/prison, too disabled for work, or other work situation.