TABLE 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) of Fifth-Grade Students’ Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Overall and at School, by Race/Ethnicity: Birmingham, AL; Houston, TX; and Los Angeles, CA; 2004–2006
| Black, AOR (95% CI) | Hispanic, AOR (95% CI) | White, AOR (95% CI) | Other, AOR (95% CI) | |
| Overall | ||||
| City | ||||
| Birmingham (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Houston | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.8, 4.3) | 1.8 (1.0, 3.2) | 2.1 (0.8, 6.0) |
| Los Angeles | 1.9** (1.3, 2.7) | 1.4 (0.3, 5.5) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.4, 3.3) |
| Child's age ≥ 11 y | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) |
| Male child | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.6) |
| Household income as % of federal poverty level | ||||
| ≤ 100 (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 101–299 | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.5* (1.1, 2.0) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) |
| ≥ 300 | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.2** (0.1, 0.5) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) |
| Parent education | ||||
| Less than high school | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.5) | 0.8 (0.1, 5.1) |
| High school or some college | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) |
| 4-y college degree or more (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Household composition | ||||
| 2 parent (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 parent | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 2.3 (0.9, 6.0) |
| Foster, adoptive, or other | 1.4 (0.8, 2.8) | 2.2 (0.9, 5.1) | 1.5 (0.3, 7.7) | 4.2* (1.2, 15.1) |
| Child born outside United States | 0.4 (0.1, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 2.8 (1.0, 7.9) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.4) |
| Child interview in Spanish | … | 1.7* (1.1, 2.8) | … | … |
| At school | ||||
| City | ||||
| Birmingham (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Houston | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.3, 5.0) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 1.9 (0.7, 5.5) |
| Los Angeles | 1.5* (1.0, 2.1) | 1.6 (0.4, 6.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 1.9 (0.6, 5.9) |
| Child's age ≥ 11 y | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) |
| Male child | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) |
| Household income as % of federal poverty level | ||||
| ≤ 100 (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 101–299 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 0.4** (0.2, 0.8) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) |
| ≥ 300 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) | 0.2** (0.1, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) |
| Parent education | ||||
| Less than high school | 1.0 (0.5, 2.2) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.6) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.7) | 0.5 (0.1, 3.1) |
| High school or some college | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) |
| 4-y college degree or more (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Household composition | ||||
| 2 parent (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 parent | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | 2.3 (0.8, 6.2) |
| Foster, adoptive, or other | 1.2 (0.5, 3.2) | 2.8* (1.2, 6.5) | 0.2 (0.03, 2.0) | 3.7* (1.1, 12.6) |
| Child born outside United States | 0.5 (0.1, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 4.0** (1.5, 11.1) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.6) |
| Child interviewed in Spanish | … | 1.6 (0.9, 2.7) | … | … |
| Decreasing proportion of student enrollment of child's own race/ethnicity by school | 3.1*** (1.8, 5.1) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.4) | 19.1** (3.6, 101.4) | 103* (1.7, > 103) |
Note. CI = confidence interval.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.