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. 2009 Jan;214(1):19–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01015.x

Genetic correlations (lower left) and phenotypic correlations (upper right) among cranial distances. For genetic correlations, the associated standard errors (SE) are also provided. Significant correlations at the 0.05 level are in bold. Note that the genetic correlations involving nasal breadth were non-computable because its heritability was 0.00. B, breadth; H, height; L, length

Facial Neural Basal Nasal Orbital Zygomatic
B H L B H L B H B H L B H L B H L
Facial B 0.47 0.43 0.68 0.41 0.47 0.7 0.49 0.25 0.46 0.49 0.42 0.17 0.4 0.61 0.45 0.56
H 0.57 ± 0.24 0.24 0.31 0.31 0.41 0.41 0.34 0.05 0.88 0.42 0.37 0.28 0.14 0.42 0.55 0.37
L 0.42 ± 0.24 0.42 ± 0.26 0.21 0.3 0.48 0.37 0.8 0.2 0.18 0.72 0.27 −0.11 0.41 0.43 0.06 0.37
Neural B 0.89 ± 0.11 0.47 ± 0.25 0.46 ± 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.52 0.26 0.18 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.15 0.24 0.36 0.3 0.29
H −0.01 ± 0.45 0.17 ± 0.39 0.43 ± 0.30 0.16 ± 0.40 0.36 0.49 0.52 0 0.29 0.34 0.25 0.04 0.33 0.3 0.23 0.33
L 0.56 ± 0.20 0.69 ± 0.21 0.50 ± 0.21 0.49 ± 0.20 0.61 ± 0.25 0.41 0.61 0.11 0.41 0.44 0.31 0.07 0.33 0.33 0.29 0.34
Basal B 0.90 ± 0.13 0.78 ± 0.26 0.62 ± 0.26 0.93 ± 0.14 0.40 ± 0.35 0.50 ± 0.24 0.5 0.14 0.38 0.42 0.25 0.1 0.34 0.45 0.3 0.41
L 0.43 ± 0.23 0.45 ± 0.24 0.96 ± 0.07 0.63 ± 0.22 0.56 ± 0.25 0.75 ± 0.15 0.79 ± 0.23 0.13 0.33 0.59 0.36 −0.01 0.4 0.39 0.19 0.46
Nasal B 1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 0.17 0.07 0.21 0.05 0.23 0.36 0.14 0.06
H 0.57 ± 0.23 0.94 ± 0.05 0.23 ± 0.24 0.48 ± 0.23 0.27 ± 0.34 0.52 ± 0.21 0.61 ± 0.26 0.25 ± 0.23 −1 0.36 0.35 0.31 0.16 0.42 0.58 0.28
L 0.71 ± 0.18 0.77 ± 0.16 0.86 ± 0.08 0.61 ± 0.19 0.75 ± 0.23 0.60 ± 0.17 1 0.91 ± 0.10 1 0.57 ± 0.19 0.28 −0.02 0.36 0.4 0.21 0.45
Orbital B 0.19 ± 0.37 0.98 ± 0.36 0.60 ± 0.34 0.35 ± 0.32 0.26 ± 0.47 0.00 ± 0.33 0.27 ± 0.40 0.45 ± 0.30 −1 0.64 ± 0.32 0.75 ± 0.29 0.26 0.18 0.31 0.32 0.25
H −0.08 ± 0.30 0.59 ± 0.30 −0.63 ± 0.22 0.1 ± 0.32 −0.44 ± 0.38 −0.16 ± 0.30 −0.07 ± 0.35 −0.43 ± 0.26 1 0.65 ± 0.26 −0.62 ± 0.24 0.31 ± 0.41 −0.05 −0.01 0.52 0.08
L 0.00 ± 0.33 0.08 ± 0.31 0.36 ± 0.24 0.45 ± 0.27 1 0.30 ± 0.26 0.66 ± 0.29 0.71 ± 0.22 1 0.03 ± 0.27 0.23 ± 0.26 −0.03 ± 0.38 −0.41 ± 0.28 0.41 0.15 0.25
Zygomatic B 0.72 ± 0.37 0.17 ± 0.55 0.79 ± 0.41 0.68 ± 0.43 0.53 ± 0.72 0.16 ± 0.51 1 0.73 ± 0.56 −1 0.23 ± 0.48 0.82 ± 0.28 0.87 ± 0.63 −0.22 ± 0.60 0.41 ± 0.54 0.34 0.34
H 0.19 ± 0.33 0.82 ± 0.19 0.03 ± 0.31 0.49 ± 0.29 −0.42 ± 0.52 0.12 ± 0.30 0.27 ± 0.32 −0.04 ± 0.31 1 0.90 ± 0.17 0.34 ± 0.28 0.12 ± 0.41 1 −0.28 ± 0.34 0.02 ± 0.66 0.34
L 0.61 ± 0.24 0.30 ± 0.32 0.49 ± 0.25 0.51 ± 0.31 0.03 ± 0.52 0.70 ± 0.27 0.78 ± 0.22 0.47 ± 0.26 1 0.27 ± 0.30 0.77 ± 0.15 −0.11 ± 0.50 −0.60 ± 0.40 0.30 ± 0.34 0.14 ± 0.66 −0.40 ± 0.48
HHS Vulnerability Disclosure