Genetic correlations (lower left) and phenotypic correlations (upper right) among cranial distances. For genetic correlations, the associated standard errors (SE) are also provided. Significant correlations at the 0.05 level are in bold. Note that the genetic correlations involving nasal breadth were non-computable because its heritability was 0.00. B, breadth; H, height; L, length
Facial | Neural | Basal | Nasal | Orbital | Zygomatic | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | H | L | B | H | L | B | H | B | H | L | B | H | L | B | H | L | ||
Facial | B | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.7 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.17 | 0.4 | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.56 | |
H | 0.57 ± 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.88 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.37 | ||
L | 0.42 ± 0.24 | 0.42 ± 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.3 | 0.48 | 0.37 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.72 | 0.27 | −0.11 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.06 | 0.37 | ||
Neural | B | 0.89 ± 0.11 | 0.47 ± 0.25 | 0.46 ± 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.3 | 0.29 | |
H | −0.01 ± 0.45 | 0.17 ± 0.39 | 0.43 ± 0.30 | 0.16 ± 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.33 | ||
L | 0.56 ± 0.20 | 0.69 ± 0.21 | 0.50 ± 0.21 | 0.49 ± 0.20 | 0.61 ± 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.61 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.34 | ||
Basal | B | 0.90 ± 0.13 | 0.78 ± 0.26 | 0.62 ± 0.26 | 0.93 ± 0.14 | 0.40 ± 0.35 | 0.50 ± 0.24 | 0.5 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.3 | 0.41 | |
L | 0.43 ± 0.23 | 0.45 ± 0.24 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | 0.63 ± 0.22 | 0.56 ± 0.25 | 0.75 ± 0.15 | 0.79 ± 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.59 | 0.36 | −0.01 | 0.4 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.46 | ||
Nasal | B | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.06 | |
H | 0.57 ± 0.23 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.24 | 0.48 ± 0.23 | 0.27 ± 0.34 | 0.52 ± 0.21 | 0.61 ± 0.26 | 0.25 ± 0.23 | −1 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.58 | 0.28 | ||
L | 0.71 ± 0.18 | 0.77 ± 0.16 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.61 ± 0.19 | 0.75 ± 0.23 | 0.60 ± 0.17 | 1 | 0.91 ± 0.10 | 1 | 0.57 ± 0.19 | 0.28 | −0.02 | 0.36 | 0.4 | 0.21 | 0.45 | ||
Orbital | B | 0.19 ± 0.37 | 0.98 ± 0.36 | 0.60 ± 0.34 | 0.35 ± 0.32 | 0.26 ± 0.47 | 0.00 ± 0.33 | 0.27 ± 0.40 | 0.45 ± 0.30 | −1 | 0.64 ± 0.32 | 0.75 ± 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.25 | |
H | −0.08 ± 0.30 | 0.59 ± 0.30 | −0.63 ± 0.22 | 0.1 ± 0.32 | −0.44 ± 0.38 | −0.16 ± 0.30 | −0.07 ± 0.35 | −0.43 ± 0.26 | 1 | 0.65 ± 0.26 | −0.62 ± 0.24 | 0.31 ± 0.41 | −0.05 | −0.01 | 0.52 | 0.08 | ||
L | 0.00 ± 0.33 | 0.08 ± 0.31 | 0.36 ± 0.24 | 0.45 ± 0.27 | 1 | 0.30 ± 0.26 | 0.66 ± 0.29 | 0.71 ± 0.22 | 1 | 0.03 ± 0.27 | 0.23 ± 0.26 | −0.03 ± 0.38 | −0.41 ± 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 0.25 | ||
Zygomatic | B | 0.72 ± 0.37 | 0.17 ± 0.55 | 0.79 ± 0.41 | 0.68 ± 0.43 | 0.53 ± 0.72 | 0.16 ± 0.51 | 1 | 0.73 ± 0.56 | −1 | 0.23 ± 0.48 | 0.82 ± 0.28 | 0.87 ± 0.63 | −0.22 ± 0.60 | 0.41 ± 0.54 | 0.34 | 0.34 | |
H | 0.19 ± 0.33 | 0.82 ± 0.19 | 0.03 ± 0.31 | 0.49 ± 0.29 | −0.42 ± 0.52 | 0.12 ± 0.30 | 0.27 ± 0.32 | −0.04 ± 0.31 | 1 | 0.90 ± 0.17 | 0.34 ± 0.28 | 0.12 ± 0.41 | 1 | −0.28 ± 0.34 | 0.02 ± 0.66 | 0.34 | ||
L | 0.61 ± 0.24 | 0.30 ± 0.32 | 0.49 ± 0.25 | 0.51 ± 0.31 | 0.03 ± 0.52 | 0.70 ± 0.27 | 0.78 ± 0.22 | 0.47 ± 0.26 | 1 | 0.27 ± 0.30 | 0.77 ± 0.15 | −0.11 ± 0.50 | −0.60 ± 0.40 | 0.30 ± 0.34 | 0.14 ± 0.66 | −0.40 ± 0.48 |