Figure 1.

Geographical context of the Phoenician and Greek expansions

(A) Maritime expansions of the Phoenicians (11^th century BCE) and Greeks. Red: Phoenicia, Phoenician colonies; pink: Phoenician trading posts; blue: Greece and Greek colonies.

(B) J2 haplogroup frequency comparisons between Phoenician contact regions (thick borders) and nearby non-contact regions (thin borders). Lines indicate paired haplogroup comparisons between two sites. An ellipse indicates a site with multiple population samples. Colored circles indicate the higher haplogroup J2 frequency site in each pair.

(C) Phoenician Colonization Signal 1 (PCS1+) haplotype frequency comparisons between Phoenician contact regions (thick borders) and nearby non-contact regions (thin borders). Lines indicate paired haplotype comparisons between two sites. An ellipse indicates a site with multiple population samples. Colored circles represent the higher PCS1+ frequency site in each pair.

(D–F) Geographical distribution of the PCS1+ (D), PCS2+ (E), and PCS3+ (F) haplotypes in the Mediterranean region. The PCS+ central haplotypes are shown in Table 2. Higher color intensities indicate higher haplotype frequencies; absolute frequencies are given in Table 3. Note the highly enriched coastal and island distribution of these haplotypes and the prominence of all in the Levant.