Structures of 2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylate (DPA), chelidamic acid (CDA), and the various amino acids used in this study; l-proline (l-Pro), N-acetyl-l-proline (N-Ac-l-Pro), N-acetyl-l-prolinamide (N-Ac-l-Pro-NH2), l-arginine (l-Arg), l-asparagine (l-Asn), l-tyrosine (l-Tyr), and l-phenylalanine (l-Phe).