Table 2.
Percentage of CD4+CD28null cells in the peripheral blood flow.
| Subject category | Healthy | Healthy smoker | COPD GOLD I–II | COPD GOLD III–IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD4+CD28null% of CD4+ | 1·96 (1·07–2·84) | 1·5 (0·41–2·59) | 3·22 (1·83–4·62) | 7·53 (2·67–12·39) |
| IFN-γ CD3 (pg/ml) | 272 (188–356) | 240 (178–301) | 440 (286–594) | 328 (214–442) |
| IFN-γ PHA (pg/ml) | 116 (83–149) | 91 (53–129) | 375 (135–615) | 134 (1–266) |
| TNF-α CD3 (pg/ml) | 922 (368–1476) | 731 (333–1128) | 1234 (793–1674) | 1508 (860–2157) |
| TNF-α PHA (pg/ml) | 1096 (551–1641) | 777 (411–1143) | 2465 (1532–3398) | 1144 (387–1901) |
| IL-12 CD3 (pg/ml) | 93 (46–139) | 63 (34–92) | 72 (36–108) | 42 (13–71) |
| IL-12 PHA (pg/ml) | 44 (8–80) | 33 (19–47) | 78 (31–125) | 17 (8–25) |
Furthermore, cytokine expression in supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with either anti-CD3 or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) is described. All date are given as mean (95% confidence interval). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α.