Abstract
Candida albicans strains were isolated from the oral cavities of 62 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients at different stages of HIV infection. Only patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex or full-blown AIDS showed typical clinical symptoms for oral candidiasis. In general, the microbiological recovery of Candida strains from the oral cavity increased with more advanced stages of HIV infection. The antifungal activity of ketoconazole, itraconazole, nystatin, amphotericin B, and flucytosine against all 62 strains was evaluated by means of a photometer-read broth microdilution method for determination of the 30% inhibitory concentrations of the drugs. The 95% ranges of 30% inhibitory concentrations were as follows: less than or equal to 0.063 to 32 micrograms/ml for ketoconazole, less than or equal to 0.063 to 8 micrograms/ml for itraconazole, 0.5 to 4 micrograms/ml for nystatin, less than or equal to 0.063 to 4 micrograms/ml for amphotericin B, and less than or equal to 0.063 to 8 micrograms/ml for flucytosine. Two strains were resistant to flucytosine, one was resistant to ketoconazole, and three were resistant to itraconazole. Isolates from patients with full-blown AIDS showed significantly less susceptibility to itraconazole, amphotericin B, and flucytosine. Strains were biotyped by using the API 20C carbohydrate assimilation system. The major biotype accounted for 63.9% of the isolates. At repeated evaluation, a change in biotype pattern was seen in 27.3%.
Full text
PDF





Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Defever K. S., Whelan W. L., Rogers A. L., Beneke E. S., Veselenak J. M., Soll D. R. Candida albicans resistance to 5-fluorocytosine: frequency of partially resistant strains among clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Nov;22(5):810–815. doi: 10.1128/aac.22.5.810. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Galgiani J. N., Stevens D. A. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of yeasts: a turbidimetric technique independent of inoculum size. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1976 Oct;10(4):721–728. doi: 10.1128/aac.10.4.721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goodman D. S., Teplitz E. D., Wishner A., Klein R. S., Burk P. G., Hershenbaum E. Prevalence of cutaneous disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987 Aug;17(2 Pt 1):210–220. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(87)70193-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Holmberg K., Meyer R. D. Fungal infections in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18(3):179–192. doi: 10.3109/00365548609032326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Holt R. J., Azmi A. Miconazole-resistant Candida. Lancet. 1978 Jan 7;1(8054):50–51. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90403-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson E. M., Richardson M. D., Warnock D. W. In-vitro resistance to imidazole antifungals in Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984 Jun;13(6):547–558. doi: 10.1093/jac/13.6.547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan M. H., Sadick N., McNutt N. S., Meltzer M., Sarngadharan M. G., Pahwa S. Dermatologic findings and manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987 Mar;16(3 Pt 1):485–506. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(87)70066-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein R. S., Harris C. A., Small C. B., Moll B., Lesser M., Friedland G. H. Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984 Aug 9;311(6):354–358. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198408093110602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Korting H. C., Dorsch R. Zur Korrelation von Biotyp und Antimykotika-sensibilität bei Candida albicans. Mykosen. 1987 Nov;30(11):512–519. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Korting H. C., Georgii A. Antimykotikatestung dermato-venerologisch bedeutsamer Hefen: Methoden, Ergebnisse und klinische Relevanz. Hautarzt. 1988 Jun;39(6):343–347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marichal P., Gorrens J., Van Cutsem J., Vanden Bossche H. Culture media for the study of the effects of azole derivatives on germ tube formation and hyphal growth of C. albicans. Mykosen. 1986 Feb;29(2):76–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1986.tb03753.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Odds F. C., Abbott A. B. A simple system for the presumptive identification of Candida albicans and differentiation of strains within the species. Sabouraudia. 1980 Dec;18(4):301–317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Odds F. C., Abbott A. B. Relative inhibition factors--a novel approach to the assessment of antifungal antibiotics in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984 Jan;13(1):31–43. doi: 10.1093/jac/13.1.31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Phelan J. A., Saltzman B. R., Friedland G. H., Klein R. S. Oral findings in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 Jul;64(1):50–56. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(87)90116-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Radetsky M., Wheeler R. C., Roe M. H., Todd J. K. Microtiter broth dilution method for yeast susceptibility testing with validation by clinical outcome. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Oct;24(4):600–606. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.4.600-606.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salkin I. F., Land G. A., Hurd N. J., Goldson P. R., McGinnis M. R. Evaluation of YeastIdent and Uni-Yeast-Tek yeast identification systems. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Apr;25(4):624–627. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.4.624-627.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Torssander J., Morfeldt-Månson L., Biberfeld G., Karlsson A., Putkonen P. O., Wasserman J. Oral candida albicans in HIV infection. Scand J Infect Dis. 1987;19(3):291–295. doi: 10.3109/00365548709018473. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]