Table 2.
Summary Statistics by Staffing Status, 1998–2001
|
Full Sample |
Low-Staff |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No (=0) Yes (=1) |
||||||
| Variables | Mean | Range | SD | Mean | Mean | t-Test |
| Staffing hours per resident day | ||||||
| RN HPRD | 0.34 | (0, 10.23) | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.26 | *** |
| LPN HPRD | 0.65 | (0, 9.64) | 0.38 | 0.71 | 0.60 | *** |
| NA HPRD | 1.94 | (0, 10.65) | 0.68 | 2.20 | 1.66 | *** |
| Total HPRD | 2.93 | (0.5, 11.98) | 0.95 | 3.33 | 2.51 | *** |
| Quality of care | ||||||
| % Pressure sores | 6.47 | (0, 100) | 4.77 | 6.38 | 6.57 | *** |
| % Contractures | 25.72 | (0, 100) | 20.47 | 27.98 | 23.38 | *** |
| % Incontinence | 54.50 | (0, 100) | 15.91 | 56.33 | 52.61 | *** |
| % Catheter use | 6.05 | (0, 100) | 4.91 | 6.07 | 6.04 | |
| % Restraint use | 11.87 | (0, 100) | 13.02 | 11.34 | 12.43 | *** |
| Total deficiencies | 5.91 | (0, 50) | 5.88 | 5.16 | 6.68 | *** |
| Policy: staffing standards | ||||||
| Transition effect | 0.101 | 0.301 | 0.083 | 0.119 | *** | |
| Steady-state effect | 0.103 | 0.304 | 0.070 | 0.136 | *** | |
| Facility | ||||||
| Ownership | ||||||
| For-profit | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 0.82 | *** | |
| Nonprofit | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.15 | *** | |
| Government | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.03 | *** | |
| Chain | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.63 | *** | |
| Payer mix | ||||||
| % Residents paid by Medicare | 7.48 | (0, 100) | 8.68 | 8.37 | 6.56 | *** |
| % Residents paid by Medicaid | 67.89 | (0, 100) | 19.82 | 65.58 | 70.28 | *** |
| % Residents paid by others | 24.63 | (0, 100) | 18.78 | 26.06 | 23.16 | *** |
| Total beds | 114.82 | (5, 1231) | 65.98 | 118.57 | 110.95 | *** |
| Occupancy rate | 84.63 | (1.56, 100) | 15.28 | 85.29 | 83.95 | *** |
| Case mix | ||||||
| Acuity index | 10.08 | (3, 21.70) | 1.54 | 10.28 | 9.86 | *** |
| % Pressure sores on admission | 3.10 | (0, 100) | 4.17 | 3.105 | 3.102 | |
| % Contractures on admission | 16.21 | (0, 100) | 17.13 | 17.88 | 14.49 | *** |
| % Catheter use on admission | 4.24 | (0, 93.02) | 4.30 | 4.24 | 4.23 | |
| % Restraint use on admission | 3.82 | (0, 100) | 8.17 | 3.46 | 4.19 | *** |
| Low-staff | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Market | ||||||
| Herfindahl–Hirschman index | 0.196 | (0.004, 1) | 0.228 | 0.190 | 0.203 | *** |
| Empty beds per 1,000 elderly (65+) | 13.08 | (0, 173.91) | 13.06 | 11.28 | 14.93 | *** |
| Per capita income (in $1,000s) | 26.87 | (0, 92.98) | 7.62 | 27.59 | 26.13 | *** |
| Unemployment rate (16+) | 4.51 | (0.70, 29.90) | 2.10 | 4.42 | 4.61 | *** |
| Population 85+ (in 1,000s) | 9.88 | (0.01, 114.98) | 19.63 | 7.64 | 12.20 | *** |
| Female population 15–44 (in 1,000s) | 160.84 | (0.12, 2210.65) | 373.79 | 114.91 | 208.28 | *** |
| State | ||||||
| Medicaid rate | 108.70 | (69.55, 285.01) | 23.18 | 115.37 | 101.80 | *** |
| No. of facility-year observations | 55,248 | 28,073 | 27,175 | |||
| No. of facilities | 15,217 | 7,969 | 7,248 | |||
***
Significant at 1%.
HPRD, hours per resident day; SD, standard deviation. Mean comparison tests (t-test) by low-staff status.