Table 4.

Summary of the various antioxidants studied for Huntington’s disease

Disease	Test agent	Primary endpoint	Result/Outcome	Model	Ref
HD	Vitamin E, β-carotene, Vitamin C	Striatal quinolinic acid toxicity, striatal lesions	Lack of anti-quinolineate protection	Rat	19
	Thiol, lipoic acid, S-PBN	Total life-span in mouse model of HD	Improved survival only by thiol and lipoic acid	Mouse	10
	Vitamin E with CoQ10	3-NP induced toxicity; activity of creatine kinase and functions of mitochondrial respiratory chain	Partial protection against 3-NP toxicity	Rat	75
	Epigallocatechin-gallate	mHtt cytotoxicity, aggregation of mutant htt exon 1 protein	Protection against mHtt toxicity and motor function decline	Yeast Mouse	45
	Vitamin E (high doses)	HD-associated neurologic and neuropsychological symptoms	Partial beneficial effects against HD-associated motor decline	Human	119
	CoQ10	Risk of early HD	Lack of slowing of functional decline	Human	5

S-PBN: 2-sulpho-tert-phenyibutyinitrone; 3-NP: 3-nitropropionic acid; mhtt: mutant polyglutamine (polyQ)-containing protein huntingtin.