Table 1.

Metabolite Levels by Disease

Disease	NAA	Glu	Cho	mI	Glx	References
Alcohol
Human (currently drinking)			↑			Meyerhoff et al (2004)
Rat (16–40 weeks)			↑		↑	Lee et al (2003)
Alcohol
Human (detoxified/recovering)	↓		↓	↑		Schweinsburg et al (2001); Schweinsburg et al (2003); Bendszus et al (2001); Jagannathan et al (1996); Durazzo et al (2004); Jagannathan et al (1996); Murata et al (2001); Bendszus et al (2001); Jagannathan et al (1996); Murata et al (2001); Seitz et al (1999); Parks et al (2002)
Rat (>40 weeks)			↓		↑	Lee et al (2003)
Thiamine deficiency
Human (Wernicke’s)	↓		↓			Murata et al (2001); Mascalchi et al (2002)
Rat (pyrithiamine)	↓		↓			Rose et al (1993); Pfefferbaum et al (2007); Lee et al (2001); Lee et al (1995)
Liver disease
Human (cirrhosis)			↓	↓	↑	Lee et al (1999); Kreis et al (1992); Ross et al (1994); Geissler et al (1997); Cordoba et al (2001); Laubenberger et al (1997)
Rat (tetrachloride/thioacetamide)		↓	↓		↑	Bates et al (1989); Peeling et al (1993)

Abbreviations: NAA, N-acetylaspartate; Glu, glutamate; Cho, choline; mI, myo-inositol; Glx, glutamine+glutamate.