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. 2009 Mar;126(3):316–328. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03050.x

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Summary of activation-induced cytidine deiminase (AID) regulatory mechanisms: 1- Spatiotemporal targeting of AID gene transcription to activated and germinal centre B cells. This is achieved by the concerted action of transcription factors and the Aicda epigenetic landscape. 2- microRNA regulation of AID messenger RNA half-life. 3- Protein kinase A (PKA) and/or protein kinase C (PKC) -mediated AID phosphorylation. 4- AID nuclear export mediated by CRM1. 5- Nuclear proteasomal degradation. 5- AID interaction with single-stranded (ss) DNA binding protein replication protein A (RPA), which allows AID to deaminate transcribed ssDNA. 7- Preferential recruitment of the AID–RPA complex to immunoglobulin genes. 8- Mistargeted hypermutation to non-immunoglobulin genes like cMyc counteracted by error-free base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair. 9- Immunoglobulin-oncogene translocations eliminated by apoptosis via P53 activation. This safeguard mechanism might also get rid of B lymphocytes carrying extensive DNA damage.