Table 4.
Percentage of respondents indicating intervention would be (i) 'helpful' or (ii) 'harmful' as a function of remoteness and vignette.
| (i) HELPFUL | Depression | Depression – suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | ||||
| % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| Vitamins/minerals | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 50.8 | 57.9 | 49.2 | 66.0 | ||||
| IR | 47.3 | 0.87 (0.62–1.23) | 55.3 | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | 52.7 | 0.80 (0.57–1.14) | 68.8 | 1.14 (0.76–1.69) |
| ORe/R/VR | 47.2 | 0.87 (0.50–1.52) | 45.3 | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) | 52.8 | 1.09 (0.65–1.84) | 68.4 | 1.12 (0.64–1.95) |
| Pain relievers | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 12.8 | 10.8 | 7.2 | 10.6 | ||||
| IR | 20.8 | 1.79 (1.13–2.84) | 14.5 | 1.40 (0.86–2.27) | 9.3 | 1.31 (0.75–2.30) | 8.2 | 0.75 (0.42–1.36) |
| ORe/R/VR | 15.5 | 1.25 (0.59–2.66) | 20.1 | 2.08 (1.12–3.86) | 2.1 | 0.28 (0.07–1.14) | 11.9 | 1.13 (0.52–2.50) |
| Antidepressants | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 47.5 | 51.7 | 51.6 | 41.9 | ||||
| IR | 45.0 | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) | 52.4 | 1.03 (0.73–1.45) | 46.1 | 0.80 (0.59–1.10) | 45.1 | 1.14 (0.79–1.63) |
| ORe/R/VR | 44.7 | 0.89 (0.53–1.50) | 58.8 | 1.33 (0.83–2.15) | 45.5 | 0.78 (0.52–1.19) | 42.0 | 1.00 (0.63–1.59) |
| Antibiotics | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 8.9 | 7.6 | 4.1 | 6.5 | ||||
| IR | 15.3 | 1.86 (1.11–3.13) | 8.0 | 1.06 (0.59–1.92) | 4.0 | 0.99 (0.41–2.41) | 6.9 | 1.08 (0.52–2.22) |
| ORe/R/VR | 10.4 | 1.19 (0.60–2.39) | 10.2 | 1.39 (0.67–2.89) | 2.7 | 0.65 (0.19–2.18) | 5.0 | 0.77 (0.33–1.80) |
| Sleeping pills | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 21.9 | 21.0 | 18.0 | 10.4 | ||||
| IR | 26.9 | 1.31 (0.87–1.98) | 23.0 | 1.12 (0.78–1.61) | 20.1 | 1.15 (0.71–1.87) | 15.8 | 1.63 (0.93–2.83) |
| ORe/R/VR | 32.8 | 1.74 (0.96–3.15) | 26.4 | 1.35 (0.79–2.30) | 13.4 | 0.70 (0.38–1.31) | 10.2 | 0.98 (0.48–1.99) |
| Antipsychotics | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 11.0 | 16.1 | 33.0 | 36.6 | ||||
| IR | 10.9 | 0.98 (0.54–1.79) | 15.4 | 0.95 (0.60–1.49) | 33.1 | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 41.7 | 1.24 (0.89–1.73) |
| ORe/R/VR | 14.4 | 1.36 (0.61–3.07) | 23.4 | 1.59 (0.87–2.91) | 33.4 | 1.02 (0.56–1.84) | 42.6 | 1.29 (0.72–2.29) |
| Tranquillisers | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 12.7 | 12.6 | 17.2 | 13.7 | ||||
| IR | 16.8 | 1.39 (0.85–2.28) | 16.5 | 1.38 (0.87–2.19) | 19.3 | 1.15 (0.75–1.76) | 19.6 | 1.54 (1.02–2.33) |
| ORe/R/VR | 15.3 | 1.25 (0.71–2.19) | 16.9 | 1.42 (0.75–2.68) | 10.6 | 0.57 (0.31–1.06) | 16.9 | 1.29 (0.73–2.29) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 92.2 | 93.0 | 87.3 | 80.1 | ||||
| IR | 92.4 | 1.02 (0.56–1.86) | 89.2 | 0.62 (0.36–1.05) | 86.7 | 0.95 (0.61–1.45) | 80.0 | 0.99 (0.63–1.57) |
| ORe/R/VR | 89.2 | 0.69 (0.33–1.47) | 96.6 | 2.11 (0.76–5.85) | 90.3 | 1.35 (0.49–3.75) | 73.6 | 0.69 (0.41–1.18) |
| Read about people with problem | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 79.3 | 79.3 | 79.7 | 74.4 | ||||
| IR | 80.4 | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) | 81.2 | 1.13 (0.74–1.74) | 79.2 | 0.97 (0.64–1.49) | 76.7 | 1.13 (0.79–1.63) |
| ORe/R/VR | 76.1 | 0.83 (0.46–1.52) | 80.9 | 1.11 (0.66–1.87) | 79.5 | 0.99 (0.56–1.73) | 71.9 | 0.88 (0.53–1.47) |
| Get out more | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 85.9 | 89.8 | 86.6 | 77.1 | ||||
| IR | 88.8 | 1.30 (0.79–2.12) | 91.3 | 1.19 (0.65–2.16) | 88.3 | 1.18 (0.70–1.97) | 76.4 | 0.97 (0.62–1.51) |
| ORe/R/VR | 91.9 | 1.87 (0.89–3.92) | 91.6 | 1.24 (0.58–2.63) | 88.4 | 1.19 (0.57–2.46) | 72.3 | 0.78 (0.46–1.31) |
| Learn relaxation | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 84.8 | 85.5 | 77.5 | 69.6 | ||||
| IR | 82.3 | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | 85.2 | 0.98 (0.63–1.51) | 79.0 | 1.10 (0.73–1.66) | 70.6 | 1.05 (0.73–1.50) |
| ORe/R/VR | 76.9 | 0.60 (0.31–1.14) | 84.3 | 0.92 (0.41–2.06) | 68.0 | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | 56.4 | 0.57 (0.35–0.91) |
| Cut out alcohol | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 58.6 | 59.9 | 66.5 | 52.2 | ||||
| IR | 49.2 | 0.68 (0.49–0.96) | 56.9 | 0.88 (0.64–1.23) | 65.7 | 0.96 (0.68–1.37) | 57.6 | 1.24 (0.88–1.76) |
| ORe/R/VR | 52.3 | 0.77 (0.50–1.21) | 67.1 | 1.37 (0.91–2.05) | 63.7 | 0.88 (0.53–1.46) | 51.4 | 0.97 (0.58–1.60) |
| Psychotherapy | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 47.2 | 52.1 | 59.7 | 62.5 | ||||
| IR | 36.4 | 0.64 (0.46–0.90) | 46.0 | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 60.0 | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 63.8 | 1.06 (0.71–1.57) |
| ORe/R/VR | 37.9 | 0.68 (0.41–1.15) | 47.3 | 0.82 (0.46–1.46) | 50.8 | 0.70 (0.44–1.09) | 56.0 | 0.76 (0.45–1.29) |
| Hypnosis | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 22.3 | 24.3 | 29.4 | 31.7 | ||||
| IR | 23.6 | 1.08 (0.73–1.59) | 19.3 | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) | 29.4 | 1.00 (0.70–1.43) | 29.0 | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) |
| ORe/R/VR | 19.9 | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 33.4 | 1.57 (0.92–2.66) | 35.7 | 1.33 (0.81–2.18) | 28.6 | 0.86 (0.47–1.58) |
| ECT | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 6.6 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 7.0 | ||||
| IR | 3.1 | 0.45 (0.21–1.00) | 7.3 | 1.01 (0.47–2.16) | 6.5 | 1.04 (0.52–2.05) | 5.1 | 0.72 (0.32–1.60) |
| ORe/R/VR | 7.8 | 1.19 (0.41–3.48) | 5.7 | 0.76 (0.24–2.39) | 6.5 | 1.03 (0.36–2.97) | 5.6 | 0.79 (0.34–1.84) |
| Occasional drink | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 40.9 | 38.7 | 29.9 | 26.5 | ||||
| IR | 52.0 | 1.56 (1.12–2.19) | 50.6 | 1.63 (1.15–2.29) | 38.0 | 1.44 (1.01–2.05) | 29.6 | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) |
| ORe/R/VR | 54.4 | 1.73 (1.04–2.86) | 44.1 | 1.25 (0.76–2.06) | 22.6 | 0.68 (0.36–1.31) | 27.6 | 1.06 (0.49–2.27) |
| Special diet | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 47.3 | 45.8 | 41.7 | 40.4 | ||||
| IR | 51.1 | 1.16 (0.82–1.63) | 41.2 | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) | 45.3 | 1.16 (0.83–1.62) | 35.8 | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) |
| ORe/R/VR | 48.5 | 1.05 (0.61–1.80) | 56.2 | 1.51 (1.02–2.26) | 36.4 | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 39.9 | 0.98 (0.57–1.69) |
| Website (information) | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 58.1 | 55.2 | 58.9 | 44.1 | ||||
| IR | 56.9 | 0.95 (0.69–1.30) | 52.6 | 0.90 (0.61–1.33) | 55.9 | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) | 41.2 | 0.89 (0.62–1.26) |
| ORe/R/VR | 58.5 | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 61.3 | 1.29 (0.84–1.97) | 49.1 | 0.67 (0.44–1.03) | 52.0 | 1.37 (0.70–2.69) |
| Book (information) | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 68.0 | 63.8 | 71.6 | 59.1 | ||||
| IR | 70.1 | 1.10 (0.80–1.52) | 65.6 | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 67.4 | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 57.6 | 0.94 (0.66–1.35) |
| ORe/R/VR | 75.9 | 1.48 (0.77–2.84) | 69.8 | 1.31 (0.77–2.23) | 69.6 | 0.91 (0.58–1.43) | 64.4 | 1.25 (0.72–2.18) |
| (ii)HARMFUL | Depression | Depression – suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | ||||
| % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| Pain relievers | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 40.2 | 37.9 | 39.6 | 32.7 | ||||
| IR | 32.4 | 0.71 (0.50–1.02) | 36.9 | 0.96 (0.68–1.36) | 36.5 | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 35.7 | 1.15 (0.78–1.68) |
| ORe/R/VR | 29.8 | 0.63 (0.32–1.23) | 33.5 | 0.83 (0.52–1.31) | 39.7 | 1.00 (0.57–1.78) | 46.3 | 1.77 (1.16–2.71) |
| Antidepressants | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 26.5 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 29.3 | ||||
| IR | 27.4 | 1.05 (0.73–1.50) | 20.4 | 0.77 (0.49–1.21) | 30.0 | 1.72 (1.19–2.48) | 29.9 | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) |
| ORe/R/VR | 36.3 | 1.58 (0.96–2.60) | 17.3 | 0.63 (0.39–1.02) | 25.3 | 1.36 (0.85–2.18) | 27.5 | 0.91 (0.58–1.44) |
| Antibiotics | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 41.0 | 40.9 | 36.0 | 35.5 | ||||
| IR | 32.8 | 0.70 (0.48–1.02) | 31.1 | 0.65 (0.46–0.94) | 34.6 | 0.94 (0.67–1.33) | 41.4 | 1.28 (0.88–1.87) |
| ORe/R/VR | 29.9 | 0.62 (0.31–1.21) | 29.7 | 0.61 (0.34–1.10) | 37.9 | 1.08 (0.72–1.63) | 36.5 | 1.04 (0.74–1.47) |
| Sleeping pills | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 49.7 | 52.6 | 52.1 | 59.1 | ||||
| IR | 49.7 | 1.00 (0.71–1.41) | 44.4 | 0.72 (0.51–1.01) | 51.5 | 0.98 (0.67–1.42) | 59.6 | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) |
| ORe/R/VR | 48.0 | 0.93 (0.60–1.46) | 46.8 | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) | 67.0 | 1.87 (1.18–2.97) | 54.1 | 0.82 (0.47–1.42) |
| Antipsychotics | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 49.1 | 42.5 | 22.6 | 25.3 | ||||
| IR | 48.1 | 0.96 (0.65–1.41) | 38.6 | 0.85 (0.58–1.25) | 25.7 | 1.18 (0.82–1.71) | 24.1 | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) |
| ORe/R/VR | 41.1 | 0.72 (0.46–1.14) | 26.5 | 0.49 (0.27–0.87) | 37.5 | 2.05 (1.22–3.45) | 18.7 | 0.68 (0.32–1.43) |
| Tranquillisers | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 59.3 | 60.1 | 46.3 | 54.9 | ||||
| IR | 62.5 | 1.14 (0.79–1.65) | 58.6 | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) | 48.5 | 1.09 (0.76–1.57) | 57.3 | 1.10 (0.78–1.56) |
| ORe/R/VR | 63.7 | 1.20 (0.81–1.80) | 64.1 | 1.19 (0.68–2.07) | 55.4 | 1.44 (0.96–2.16) | 58.2 | 1.14 (0.65–1.99) |
| Cut out alcohol | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 4.1 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 2.6 | ||||
| IR | 5.9 | 1.47 (0.69–3.17) | 9.2 | 2.25 (1.08–4.68) | 3.9 | 1.32 (0.51–3.41) | 3.8 | 1.49 (0.65–3.43) |
| ORe/R/VR | 6.7 | 1.69 (0.47–6.01) | 2.6 | 0.60 (0.15–2.35) | 1.8 | 0.60 (0.14–2.51) | 1.6 | 0.61 (0.08–4.58) |
| Psychotherapy | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 8.6 | 10.3 | 4.7 | 7.0 | ||||
| IR | 13.6 | 1.66 (0.98–2.84) | 11.9 | 1.17 (0.69–1.96) | 6.4 | 1.39 (0.69–2.80) | 6.2 | 0.88 (0.41–1.91) |
| ORe/R/VR | 11.4 | 1.36 (0.52–3.58) | 9.3 | 0.89 (0.32–2.48) | 12.6 | 2.91 (1.42–5.96) | 12.5 | 1.90 (0.88–4.12) |
| Hypnosis | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 16.2 | 19.8 | 12.4 | 16.3 | ||||
| IR | 19.0 | 1.21 (0.77–1.91) | 23.1 | 1.21 (0.76–1.94) | 12.9 | 1.05 (0.64–1.71) | 17.8 | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) |
| ORe/R/VR | 19.0 | 1.22 (0.67–2.21) | 18.1 | 0.90 (0.39–2.09) | 16.7 | 1.42 (0.77–2.60) | 16.2 | 0.99 (0.49–1.99) |
| ECT | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 68.1 | 66.4 | 60.4 | 63.4 | ||||
| IR | 73.3 | 1.29 (0.85–1.97) | 66.0 | 0.98 (0.66–1.48) | 68.7 | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) | 70.7 | 1.39 (0.93–2.08) |
| ORe/R/VR | 69.7 | 1.08 (0.59–1.98) | 61.4 | 0.80 (0.49–1.33) | 74.9 | 1.95 (1.22–3.13) | 67.4 | 1.19 (0.69–2.07) |
| Occasional drink | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 16.6 | 21.6 | 30.9 | 24.0 | ||||
| IR | 13.7 | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) | 13.9 | 0.58 (0.36–0.94) | 27.0 | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) | 27.5 | 1.20 (0.83–1.73) |
| ORe/R/VR | 9.7 | 0.54 (0.27–1.10) | 11.6 | 0.48 (0.22–1.02) | 28.0 | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 29.7 | 1.34 (0.66–2.69) |
| Special diet | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 8.4 | 9.5 | 8.0 | 6.3 | ||||
| IR | 5.4 | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) | 9.4 | 0.99 (0.57–1.75) | 6.7 | 0.83 (0.46–1.51) | 8.3 | 1.34 (0.69–2.62) |
| ORe/R/VR | 7.8 | 0.93 (0.42–2.06) | 6.2 | 0.63 (0.25–1.64) | 8.7 | 1.11 (0.45–2.76) | 10.2 | 1.70 (0.65–4.46) |
| Website (information) | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 14.6 | 16.1 | 12.2 | 18.3 | ||||
| IR | 14.3 | 0.97 (0.62–1.51) | 14.4 | 0.88 (0.55–1.40) | 13.9 | 1.15 (0.78–1.72) | 24.5 | 1.44 (1.01–2.08) |
| ORe/R/VR | 17.5 | 1.23 (0.73–2.09) | 10.5 | 0.62 (0.27–1.41) | 14.1 | 1.18 (0.73–1.90) | 12.7 | 0.65 (0.35–1.22) |
| Book (information) | ||||||||
| Maj City* | 7.8 | 9.6 | 6.3 | 8.9 | ||||
| IR | 6.6 | 0.84 (0.48–1.49) | 7.8 | 0.79 (0.43–1.45) | 9.4 | 1.55 (0.83–2.87) | 11.4 | 1.33 (0.77–2.28) |
| ORe/R/VR | 9.8 | 1.29 (0.63–2.63) | 6.7 | 0.67 (0.36–1.27) | 7.1 | 1.14 (0.55–2.37) | 8.2 | 0.91 (0.32–2.60) |
Maj City = Major City, IR = Inner Regional, ORe/R/VR = Outer Regional/Remote/Very remote; *Reference category; CI = Confidence interval; Note: Bolded data: Odds Ratios significant with and without adjustment for demographic status (p < .05). Bolded italicised: Odds Ratios significant (unadjusted only). Italicised: Odds Ratios significant (adjusted only). Data omitted for variables with <6% endorsement.