Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by smoking status
| Variable | Smokers (n = 714) | Nonsmokers (n = 3,448) | F value or χ2 | p value |
| Age (years) | 70.6 (6.1) | 74.1 (6.0) | F = 178.6 | <.001 |
| Gender | 58.8% males | 30.1% males | χ2 = 214.361 | <.001 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 47.9% | 44.8% | χ2 = 2.24 | .07 |
| Black | 52.1% | 55.2% | ||
| Mean income (SD) | $10,913 (9,725) | $10,052 (9,928) | F = 4.48 | .034 |
| Mean years of education (SD) | 8.30 (4.01) | 8.51 (4.1) | F = 1.54 | .215 |
| Mean physical functioning problems (SD) | 0.83 (1.08) | 0.98 (1.16) | F = 11.34 | < .001 |
| High blood pressure | 45.8% no | 41.9% no | χ2 = 4.51 | .105 |
| 3.2% maybe | 2.8% maybe | |||
| 51.0% yes | 55.3% yes | |||
| Diabetes | 82.7% no | 79.3% no | χ2 = 4.58 | .1 |
| 1.8% maybe | 2.5% maybe | |||
| 15.4% yes | 18.2% yes | |||
| Broken hip | 96.9% no | 96.1% no | χ2 = 1.07 | .586 |
| 0.1% maybe | 0.2% maybe | |||
| 2.9% yes | 3.7% yes | |||
| Stroke | 90.3% no | 91.2% no | χ2 = 1.5 | .41 |
| 1.4% maybe | 0.9% maybe | |||
| 8.3% yes | 7.8% yes | |||
| Cancer | 89.4% no | 88.0% no | χ2 = 2.97 | .23 |
| 0.7% maybe | 1.5% maybe | |||
| 9.9% yes | 10.5% yes | |||
| Heart attack | 84.1% no | 85.1% no | χ2 = 1.1 | .58 |
| 2.5% maybe | 2.9% maybe | |||
| 13.3% yes | 12.1% yes |