The ability of β+ or β148–152 to stimulate replication by Pol III* (A), Pol III core (B), Pol II (C), or Pol IV (D) was measured as described in Materials and Methods. Clamp loading and replication were either concurrent, as for Pol III* (A), or staged 5 min, as for Pol III core (B), Pol II (C), and Pol IV (D) as summarized in the cartoon at the top of the figure. The τ2γ1δδ′χψ form of the DnaX complex was used with Pol III core, while γ3δδ′ was used with Pol II and Pol IV. Results shown represent the average of at least three independent determinations. Error bars represent the standard deviation.