Table 2. serum concentrations of carotenoids, vitamin A and tocopherols In all short bowel syndrome subjects (n=21).

	Baseline	Week 4	Week 12
Carotenoids (μg/dL)
α-carotene (0.8-10.7) †	0.15 ± 0.04	0.14 ± 0.04	0.23 ± 0.07
trans β-carotene (4.2-42.8) †	0.80 ± 0.31	1.50 ± 0.54	2.44 ± 1.16
cis β-carotene (N/A)	0.16 ± 0.10	0.04 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.06
β-cryptoxanthin (3.0-17.4) †	0.29 ± 0.13	0.24 ± 0.10	0.27 ± 0.12
lutein & zeaxanthin (7.7-27.3) †	1.35 ± 0.43	1.36 ± 0.38	1.44 ± 0.46
lycopene (10.7-38.1) †	1.38 ± 0.42	1.32 ± 0.36	1.22 ± 0.34
Sum of carotenoids	4.13 ± 1.21	4.60 ± 1.15	5.66 ± 1.95
Vitamin A (μg/dL)
retinyl palmitate (N/A)	1.43 ± 0.41	1.23 ± 0.31	1.13 ± 0.28
retinyl stearate (N/A)	0.41 ± 0.21	0.21 ± 0.11	0.45 ± 0.23
retinol (37.1-92.6) ††	63.23 ± 6.13	63.70 ± 4.76	62.84 ± 5.86
Tocopherols (μg/dL)
α-tocopherol (774-2620) ††	819 ± 71	891 ± 99	966 ± 133 ‡
γ-tocopherol (60-530) ††	300 ± 48	243 ± 30 ‡	218 ± 20
α-tocopherol : total cholesterol (μmol:mmol)	6.08 ± 0.38	6.46 ± 0.47	7.22 ± 0.62 §
γ-tocopherol : total cholesterol (μmol:mmol)	97.8 ± 14.8	79.8 ± 10.5 §	76.7 ± 6.9

Data were reported as mean ± SEM

^†reference range (10-90^th percentile) from NHANES 2001-02. Compared with 40-59 year olds, including both genders and all race/ethnicities.

^††reference range (5-95^th percentile) from NHANES 1999-2002. Compared with 40-59 year olds, including both genders and all race/ethnicities.

N/A: reference ranges are not available.

^‡p < 0.05 compared with baseline values by paired-sample t-test.

^§p < 0.01 compared with baseline values by paired-sample t-test.