TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects
| Whole group | Insulin sensitive | Insulin resistant | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 34 | 15 | 19 |
| Sex (male/female) | 21/13 | 11/4 | 10/9 |
| Age (years) | 55 ± 1 | 54 ± 1 | 55 ± 1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.6 ± 0.6 | 30.3 ± 0.7 | 32.7 ± 0.9* |
| Waist (cm) | 105.8 ± 1.7 | 104.2 ± 2.0 | 107.0 ± 2.5 |
| Total body fat mass (kg) | 35.4 ± 1.2 | 32.9 ± 1.6 | 37.3 ± 1.6 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.23 ± 0.05 | 1.21 ± 0.07 | 1.24 ± 0.06 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 17.2 ± 2.8 | 13.9 ± 4.9 | 19.8 ± 3.2* |
| hsCRP (mg/l) | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ± 3 | 133 ± 5 | 132 ± 4 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 ± 1 | 76 ± 2 | 76 ± 2 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 62 ± 1 | 60 ± 2 | 64 ± 2 |
| 24-h urinary sodium (mmol/day) | 149 ± 12 | 160 ± 20 | 140 ± 16 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.2 |
| Glucose AUC0–120 (mmol · l−1 · min−1) | 1160 ± 25 | 1129 ± 31 | 1184 ± 33 |
| Fasting insulin (mU/l) | 16.8 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 0.9 | 20.3 ± 1.0*** |
| Insulin AUC0–120 (mU · l−1 · min−1) | 9974 ± 731 | 6549 ± 539 | 12,997 ± 713*** |
| Whole-body SI | 2.49 ± 0.19 | 3.33 ± 0.25 | 1.75 ± 0.09*** |
| HOMA-IR | 4.33 ± 0.27 | 3.11 ± 0.24 | 5.30 ± 0.29*** |
| Vo2max/FFM (ml · min−1 · kg−1) | 28.7 ± 0.9 | 30.4 ± 1.8 | 27.3 ± 0.9 |
| Lifestyle intervention (WL/WL + EX) | 18/16 | 7/8 | 11/8 |
| Norepinephrine (pg/ml) | 212 ± 20 | 181 ± 28 | 236 ± 28 |
| Whole-body norepinephrine spillover (ng/min) | 399 ± 42 | 465 ± 77 | 347 ± 41 |
| Norepinephrine clearance (l/min) | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1*** |
Data are means ± SE. Insulin sensitive and insulin resistant defined as insulin sensitivity index (SI) >2.1 and ≤2.1, respectively (15).
*P < 0.05,
***P < 0.001 vs. insulin-sensitive subjects by Student's unpaired t test. WL, dietary weight loss alone; WL + EX, dietary weight loss and aerobic exercise.