Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the female Uro-EDIC cohort (N = 424)
| DCCT baseline (1983–1989) |
Year 10 EDIC (2003) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional | Intensive | P | Conventional | Intensive | P | |
| n | 217 | 207 | 217 | 207 | ||
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age (years) | 24.9 ± 7.2 | 26.4 ± 7.2 | 0.03 | 42.0 ± 7.0 | 43.6 ± 7.1 | 0.02 |
| Race* | 209 (96.3) | 200 (96.6) | 209 (96.3) | 200 (96.6) | ||
| White, not of Hispanic origin | 5 (2.3) | 3 (1.4) | 0.09* | 5 (2.3) | 3 (1.4) | 0.09* |
| Black, not of Hispanic origin | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| Hispanic | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Married | 94 (43.3) | 98 (47.3) | 0.41 | 167 (78.4) | 168 (83.2) | 0.22 |
| Cigarette smoker† | 30 (13.8) | 33 (15.9) | 0.54 | 27 (12.7) | 32 (15.8) | 0.37 |
| Diabetes treatment and control | ||||||
| Cohort | ||||||
| Primary | 101 (46.5) | 104 (50.2) | 0.45 | — | — | 0.45 |
| Secondary | 116 (53.5) | 103 (49.8) | — | — | ||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6.0 ± 4.3 | 5.9 ± 4.3 | 0.90 | 22.8 ± 5.1 | 22.8 ± 5.0 | 0.84 |
| A1C (%) | 9.1 ± 1.6 | 9.1 ± 1.5 | 0.85 | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 1.4 | 0.67 |
| Insulin dose (units · kg−1 · day−1) | 0.70 ± 0.27 | 0.69 ± 0.25 | 0.73 | 0.61 ± 0.24 | 0.61 ± 0.21 | 0.69 |
| Microvascular complications | ||||||
| Retinopathy‡ | ||||||
| Nonproliferative or none | 217 (100.0) | 207 (100.0) | 0.66 | 123 (56.7) | 165 (79.7) | <0.001 |
| Proliferative | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 94 (43.3) | 42 (20.3) | ||
| Nephropathy | ||||||
| None (AER <40 mg/24 h) | 209 (96.3) | 195 (94.2) | 0.31 | 153 (70.5) | 174 (84.1) | 0.002 |
| Microalbuminuria (AER 40−299 mg/24 h) | 8 (3.7) | 12 (5.8) | 49 (22.6) | 29 (14.0) | ||
| Albuminuria (AER ≥300 mg/24 h) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (6.9) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| Hypertension§ | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | — | 61 (28.6) | 57 (28.1) | 0.90 |
| Creatinine clearance ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 124.8 ± 30.0 | 123.7 ± 27.9 | 0.86 | 110.0 ± 28.0 | 110.8 ± 28.0 | 0.66 |
| Peripheral neuropathy‖ | 7 (3.2) | 7 (3.4) | 0.93 | 156 (71.9) | 121 (58.5) | 0.004 |
Data are means ± SD or n (%).
*Race as classified by the participant during the DCCT enrollment interview.
†Defined as having ever smoked.
‡Determined by ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) score on a scale of 0–23: <12 = nonproliferative, ≥12 = proliferative.
§Hypertension defined as sitting systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive medication.
‖Defined in the DCCT by the presence of definite clinically evident distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and an abnormal nerve conduction study or in the EDIC by the MNSI (Michigan neuropathy screening instrument): >6 positive responses on the questionnaire or a score >2 on the examination.