Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of women (n = 984) with diabetes by category of CCI measuring phobic anxiety
| CCI (0–16 points) |
P trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 or 1 | 2 or 3 | ≥4 | ||
| n | 288 | 318 | 378 | |
| Demographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 59.3 ± 6.5 | 58.8 ± 6.7 | 58.5 ± 6.7 | 0.13 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 ± 6.4 | 29.2 ± 6.1 | 30.6 ± 6.4* | 0.10 |
| Physical activity (METs/week) | 12.6 ± 15.2 | 12.4 ± 16.9 | 10.6 ± 14.2 | 0.10 |
| Total energy intake (kcal) | 1,742 ± 503 | 1,784 ± 514 | 1,796 ± 537 | 0.21 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 3.0 ± 7.4 | 2.7 ± 6.6 | 2.8 ± 8.6 | 0.68 |
| Current smoker | 29 (10.2) | 47 (14.9) | 60 (15.9) | 0.04 |
| Caucasian race | 285 (98.9) | 307 (96.5) | 364 (96.3) | 0.10 |
| Married | 228 (83.2) | 249 (82.2) | 294 (80.6) | 0.38 |
| Education (Bachelor's degree) | 88 (32.2) | 70 (23.2) | 71 (19.4) | 0.0002 |
| Full-time employment | 82 (30.0) | 76 (25.1) | 98 (26.9) | 0.43 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 106 (36.8) | 128 (40.3) | 172 (45.5) | 0.02 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 123 (42.7) | 119 (37.4) | 153 (40.5) | 0.63 |
| Duration of diabetes ≥2 years | 126 (43.8) | 143 (45.0) | 131 (34.7) | 0.01 |
| Family history of diabetes | 149 (51.7) | 164 (51.6) | 198 (52.4) | 0.86 |
| Insulin | 60 (20.8) | 59 (18.6) | 69 (18.3) | 0.42 |
| Oral diabetes medication | 67 (23.3) | 81 (25.5) | 68 (18.0) | 0.08 |
| A1C (%) | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 6.9 ± 1.7 | 6.8 ± 1.7 | 0.12 |
| Medications | ||||
| Aspirin | 133 (46.2) | 146 (45.9) | 158 (41.8) | 0.24 |
| Postmenopausal hormones | 101 (35.1) | 106 (33.3) | 120 (31.8) | 0.37 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 78 (27.1) | 110 (35.6) | 134 (35.5) | 0.03 |
| Other hypertension medication | 21 (7.3) | 29 (9.1) | 48 (12.7) | 0.02 |
| β-Blocker | 40 (13.9) | 51 (16.0) | 70 (18.5) | 0.11 |
| ACE inhibitor | 25 (8.7) | 23 (7.2) | 44 (11.6) | 0.16 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 6 (2.1) | 21 (6.6) | 24 (6.4) | 0.02 |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication | 17 (5.9) | 15 (4.7) | 13 (3.4) | 0.13 |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 5.3 (1.0–31.7) | 6.1 (1.3–38.4) | 5.4 (1.2–41.8) | 0.35 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 44.0 (1.6–144) | 40.1 (1.5–229) | 47.7 (2.0–162)*† | 0.006 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 3.5 (0.6–34) | 3.4 (0.7–35) | 3.9 (0.7–35) | 0.06 |
| sE-selectin (ng/ml) | 59.0 (16.2–229) | 55.9 (18.8–327) | 61.0 (14.2–525)* | 0.20 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/dl) | 290 (130–799) | 285 (100–849) | 305 (9.0–1,074)* | 0.02 |
| sTNF-αRII (pg/ml) | 2,387 (939–6,946) | 2,310 (1,005–6,861) | 2,496 (1,046–9,355)* | 0.03 |
Data are means ± SD, n (%), or median (range).
*Significantly different from group 2 (Bonferroni-adjusted P value <0.05).
†Significantly different from group 1 (Bonferroni-adjusted P value <0.05).